紫禁城中各建筑屋脊上的走兽有着严格的等级，最多可用7个，走兽的数量随着建筑等级的降低

"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian stage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.

Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.

From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.

Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles. "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself" His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.

This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.

Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. "

This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

42（）

Choose the mistakes．（找出下列每句中的错误).

(    )1. Our school is biger than your school.                 

                            A  B      C

(   )2. -Is Sam stronger than Lingling?        

           A           B      

         -Yes，he  isn't.   

                       C    

(    )3. Sam is  short than Daming.

                  A   B       C

(    )4.  The Changjiang River is longer than the yellow River. 

                  A                                B                 C

下列有关文学名著的表述，正确的一项是[ ]

A．巴金的《家》中，鸣凤被逼嫁给冯乐山，出嫁前的一个晚上她去找觉慧。觉慧赶着写稿，没有听完鸣凤的衷诉就把她遣走了。鸣凤刚离开，善良厚道的觉新把真相告诉了觉慧，但太迟了。鸣凤绝望中投湖自杀。

B．《三国演义》中，关羽温酒斩华雄，斩颜良诛文丑和千里走单骑，都给曹操留下深刻的印象，所以曹操非常欣赏关羽的英武，派张辽劝说关羽归降。

C．《红楼梦》中，宁国府的老奴焦大对贾府后代糜烂的生活深恶痛绝，对贾府的衰落充满忧虑，他在一次醉酒之后痛斥贾府“除了那两个石头狮子干净，只怕连猫儿狗儿都不干净”，结果反而遭到责罚。

D．《巴黎圣母院》中，法庭上，检察官引诱山羊变把戏，让山羊用蹄子把零乱的字母排成卫队长的名字。这样，巫术害死了卫队长的结论无可争辩地得到了验证，爱斯梅拉达似乎顷刻间成了一个狰狞的巫婆。

某公司拟购买一台设备，购置费用为35000元，使用寿命为4年，第四年末的残值为 3000元，在使用期内产品收入为19000元/年，年经营成本为6500元，基准折现率为10%，计算该设备的购置方案的净现值率为( )。

A．0.2035

B．0.1907

C．0.3024

D．0.0975

下列各叙述中不正确的一项是( )。

A．没有外部设备的计算机称为裸机

B．EPROM中存放的信息在计算机执行程序时只能读，且断电后仍能保持原有的信息。

C．把系统软件中经常用到的部分固化后能提高计算机系统效率。

D．CRC检验码的生成或检验可用由移位寄存器、半加器和简单的门电路构成的电路来实现。