简述艺术概论的研究方法。

阅读下面的文字，完成小题。

不可复制的魏晋风度

张宏杰

魏晋士人纵性任情，饮酒啸歌，其风度一直被后人追慕——除却清谈一面。孙登布衣蔬食，绝人间事，“夏则编草为裳，冬则被发自覆”。阮籍“或闭门视书，累月不出，或登山水，经日忘归。博览群籍，尤好庄老，嗜酒能啸，善弹琴”。

许多士人的纵情越礼达到怪诞骇俗的程度。历史上最有名的片段是刘伶“常乘鹿车，携一壶酒，使之荷锸(铁锹)而随之，谓曰：‘死便埋我。’”。阮修则“常步行，以百钱挂杖头，至酒店，便独酣饮”。阮籍“邻家妇，有美色，当垆酤酒。阮与王安丰常从妇饮酒，醉便眠其妇侧”。“邻家处子有才色，未嫁而卒，籍与无亲，生不相识，往哭尽哀而去”。这些都令后世读者心向往之而行不敢至。

他们公然蔑视礼法。阮籍当众放言：“礼岂为我辈设也！”他在《大人先生传》中说出这样大逆不道之言：“无君而庶物定，无臣而万事理。”他们中的很多人视仕途为污秽之地，在权力面前表现出的傲慢令人吃惊：为拒做官，嵇康忍痛与山涛绝交；为拒权贵，阮籍曾一醉六十余日。《晋书·王羲之传》说，“王羲之既少有美誉，朝廷公卿皆爱其才器，频招为侍中、吏部尚书，皆不就。”吏部尚书实在是不算低了，而且还是频招，可王羲之却“皆不就”，传统中国社会以功名利禄来衡量一个人的价值衡量体系在魏晋时代坍塌了。

从这些言说、举动和故事中，我们能分明感受到春秋战国时代士人的傲视天地和独立不羁。如果说士族社会中的汉朝和唐朝更像贵族时代的西周，整饬有序，礼乐辉煌，文化雍容大度，那么魏晋就像贵族时代的春秋战国，是一个个性和才情能得以充分展示，因此极富创造力的时代。之所以如此，是因为魏晋时代的社会背景，与春秋战国时代高度相似。这个时代战争连绵，动乱不断，皇帝如同走马灯一样换来换去。

与皇权的不稳定形成鲜明对照的，则是世家大族的稳定性。许多世家大族势力急剧膨胀，甚至发展到“百室合户、千丁共籍”的类似领主状态。许多士族富厚过于王侯。东晋士族庄园遍布江左，他们“势力倾于邦君，储积富乎公室，……僮仆成军，闭门成市，牛羊掩原隰，田池布千里，……金玉满堂，妓妾溢房。园林拟上林，馆第僭太极”。正如柳诒微所说：“魏晋以降，易君如举棋，帝国朝代之号如传舍然。……当时士大夫以地方绅士，操朝廷用人之权。于是朝代虽更，而社会之势力仍固定而不为动摇，岂惟可以激扬清浊，仰亦所以抵抗君权也。”因此世家大族对皇权形成强大的牵制，以至于出现“王与马，共天下”^注的谚语。

在这种情况下，铁桶一般的大一统政治秩序被打破了，许多旧门士人凭借门第资本，不再对权力俯首帖耳：“虽朝代推移，鼎迁物改，(世族们)犹昂然以门第自负。”一些门第高贵的士人，甚至对门第不如他久远的皇帝抱一种隐隐的睥睨之态。面对政治权威，他们保持了一定的独立性，许多人甚至不屑于为皇帝服务。

注：“王与马，共天下”是说东晋时期琅邪王氏家族与当时皇室力量势均力效，甚至还有过之。

(选自2013年2月下《杂文月刊》，有删改)

小题1:下列说法中，不符合原文意思的一项是(　　)

A．魏晋人士纵性任情，饮酒啸歌，崇尚清谈，文人名士的智慧之花在言谈间得到了完美的展现，这让后人羡慕不已。

B．“或闭门视书，累月不出，或登山水，经日忘归。博览群籍，尤好庄老，嗜酒能啸，善弹琴。”从中可以看出阮籍的纵性任情。

C．许多魏晋人士多才多艺又落拓不羁，其纵酒放达、纵情越礼达到了惊世骇俗的地步，如刘伶、阮修等。

D．阮籍与王安丰追求个性自由发展，注重自我，注重感情，狂简旷达，纵性任情，追求享乐，这些行为让后人内心向往却不敢仿效。小题2:根据原文内容，下列判断不正确的一项是(　　)

A．魏晋士人多不愿意与统治阶级合作，视仕途为污秽之地。为此，嵇康与山涛绝交，阮籍曾经一醉六十余日。

B．王羲之多次受到朝廷的征召，但他都没有去赴任。由此说明，在魏晋时代，王羲之的社会价值相当低。

C．魏晋士人颇有春秋战国遗风，从他们的言行中，我们可以看到春秋战国时代士人的傲视天地和独立不羁。

D．相对于汉朝和唐朝，魏晋时代的士人充分地展示了自己的个性和才情。魏晋时代是一个极富创造力的时代。小题3:根据原文内容，下列理解和分析不正确的一项是(　　)

A．魏晋时代的社会背景和春秋战国时代非常相似，战争连绵，动乱不断，皇帝更换频繁，皇权极不稳定。

B．在魏晋时代，世家大族的势力比较强大，许多士族富过王侯。只有经过朝代的更替，世家大族的势力才会动摇。

C．从魏晋时代“王与马，共天下”这句谚语中，我们可以看出世家大族的势力很大，甚至能够牵制皇权。

D．在魏晋时代，一些门第高贵的士人，面对政治权威，保持了一定的独立性，他们甚至瞧不起门第远不如他久远的皇帝。

①Isaac Stern was more than a great violin player. He was one of the most honored musicians in the world. He was an international cultural ambassador. He was a major supporter of the arts in America and in other countries. He was a teacher and activist.

②Issac Stern was born in 1920 in what is now Ukraine. His parents moved to San Francisco, California the following year. His mother began teaching Isaac the piano when he was six. He began taking violin lessons after hearing a friend play the instrument. Later, he began studying music at the San Francisco Conservatory (音乐学院). He progressed quickly. When he was 16, he played with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. The next year, he performed in New York City and was praised by music critics.

③During World War II, Mr Stern played for thousands of American soldiers. It was the first time many of them had heard classical music. After the war, he was the first American violinist to perform in a concert in the Soviet Union. He also supported young musicians and cultural organizations in Israel.

④In 1979, Isaac Stern visited China. He met with Chinese musicians and students. He taught them about classical Western music. His visit was made into a film, which is called From Mao to Mozart: Isaac Stern in China. It won an Academy Award for best documentary film.

⑤In 1984, Isaac Stern received the Kennedy Center Honors Award for his gifts to American culture through music. He expressed his thoughts about the part that music plays in life. He said he believed that music makes life better for everyone, especially children.

⑥Mr Stern supported and guided younger classical musicians. They include violinists Itzhak Perlman and Pinchas Zukerman, cellist Yo-Yo Ma, and pianist Yefim Bronfman.

⑦Isaac Stern died in 2001 at eh age of 81. He was a major influence on music in the 20th century. He leaves the world richer with his many recordings.

1. Which of the following is the RIGHT time order for these events in Stern’s life?

a. He began learning music in an institution.

b. He received the Kennedy Center Honors Award.

c. He visited the Soviet Union.

d. He met with Chinese musicians.

e. He performed for American soldiers.

A. a,e,c,d,b     B. a,e,b,c,d     C. e,a,b,c,d     D. e,a,c,d,b

2. Paragraph 2 is mainly about ______.

A. how Stern began to learn music   B. how Stern began his musical career

C. Stern’s early education          D. Stern’s achievement in music

3. Which of the following statements about Stern is TRUE?

A. He was an activist in opposing war.

B. He was active in cultural exchanges between countries.

C. He had an interest in both playing music and making films.

D. He made a lot of money from music.

4. The Underlined word “cellist” in Paragraph 6 may refer to ________.

A. someone who supports young musicians

B. someone who wants to be a musician

C. someone who has a gift for music

D. someone who plays a certain kind of instrument

5. Which of the following shows the RIGHT structure of the text?

A.       ①                              B.       ①

↓                                         ↓

②③④⑤                                ②③④⑤⑥

↓                                         ↓

⑥⑦                                      ⑦

C. ①②③④⑤⑥                            D.    ①②③

↓                                           ↓

⑦                                      ④⑤⑥⑦

(14分）

根据要求完成下列各小题实验目的。（a、b为弹簧夹，加热及固定装置已略去）

(1)验证碳、硅非金属性的相对强弱。（巳知酸性:亚硫酸 >碳酸）

①连接仪器. ________、加药品后，打开a关闭b,然后滴入滚硫酸,加热

②铜与浓硫酸反应的化学方程式是________________装置A屮的试剂是________

③能说明碳的非金属性比硅强的实验现象是：________

(2)验证 SO,的氧化性.、还原性和酸性氧化物的通性。

①打开b，关闭a。

②H₂S溶液中宥浅黄色浑浊出现,化学方程式是：_____

③BaCl₂溶液中无叨诚现象，将其分成两份，分別滴加下列溶液，将产生的沉淀的化学式填人下表相应位置

写出其中SO₂ 显示还原性并生成沉淀的离子方程式_________

不是土地登记机关颁发的土地权利证书，并且无效的是（）。

A.姓名或名称变更登记申请人为土地所有权人的，提交土地所有权证书

B.申请人为土地使用权人的，提交土地使用权证书

C.政府批地文件

D.申请人为土地使用权抵押权、地役权权利人的，提交土地他项权利证明书

根据《测绘生产成本费用定额计算细则》，下列测绘生产成本费用中，不属于直接生产成本的是（）。

A.期间费

B.运输费

C.材料费

D.工资