逆向迁移即负迁移。

阅读下面一段文字，用一句话概括其要点，不超过15个字。

　　战争是实力的较量，国与国之间的战争，更是综合国力的较量。当年，孙中山先生痛感中国积贫积弱、任人宰割的悲惨状况，喊出了“振兴中华”的口号。日本军国主义敢于悍然发动侵华战争，就是因为当时中国处于分裂、战乱状态，政治腐败，经济落后。新中国60年建设发展的经验和近代中国百年屈辱的教训从正反两个方面充分说明，强大的国力是一个国家免受外来侵略和压迫，并自立于世界民族之林的根本保证，发展则是实现国家强大、民族复兴的根本途径。

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阅读表达。

     Long ago, children played like children do today. They got dirty from running around. Older people got

dirty from working all day. But then there was no soap. What did people do to get clean?

     At first, people just went into a lake. They washed in the water. But then learned to use other things with

the water. They put plants in a fire until they turned black. In this way,they made ashes. People used the ashes

like soap. They also used oil like soap. But these were not very good.

     The first soaps were hard to make. First water was put in a pot. Then fat was added. Oil and ash were

mixed in the pot, too. Then it was put on a fire. Everything got very hot. Salt was added. After a while the

fat came to the top. When the cooked fat was taken out, it got hard. This was the first soap.

     The soap we use today is very different. Things were put in to make it smell good. Something is added

to give it a nice color. Some soaps are white. Others are yellow, green, or blue. Soap is also cut in different

ways. It can be round or square.

     What is soap used for? We all know that it is needed to wash things. But did you know that a kind of

soap is used to oil machines? This makes them work well. Another kind of soap is put in oil to make your

car run better.

1. What's the passage mainly about? ( answer the question briefly)

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What's the meaning of the word" but then" in the first paragraph?

     ( answer the question briefly)

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?

     People used the ashes to take over soap.

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.

     People put pot on fire in order to ____________________________________________________.

5. Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.

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下列选项中，关于自行式铲运机的操作要点，叙述不正确的是( )。

A．下坡时，不得空挡滑行，应踩下制动踏板辅以内燃机制动
B．转弯时，应采用较大回转半径低速转向，操纵转向盘不得过猛
C．不得在10°的横坡上行驶，也不得在横坡上铲土
D．遇在坡道上熄火时，应立即制动，下降铲斗，把变速杆放在空挡位置，然后方可启动内燃机

某地区建安工程中，材料、人工费和其他费用价格指数分别为106.0%、115.2%和115.3%，材料、人工费和其他费用金额数分别为1800万元、240万元和360万元，则该项目的建筑安装工程价格指数为（）。

A.105.85%

B.108.17%

C.109.24%

D.116.1%

用质量为M的吸铁石，将一张质量为m的白纸压在竖直固定的磁性黑板上．某同学沿着黑板面，用水平向右的恒力F轻拉白纸，白纸未移动，则此时黑板对白纸的摩擦力的大小为（）

A.F

B.mg

C.

D.