在足球比赛中，跳向对方队员，应判罚直接任意球。

如果排进河中的污水含汞量过高，那么这些汞就会被河中的藻类等浮游生物所吸收；这些浮游生物为鱼所食，汞就会在鱼体内积蓄起来，人吃了较多的这种鱼，就会产生汞中毒。所以( )。

A．要消除汞中毒，就不要吃鱼

B．要消除汞中毒，就不要吃河中的鱼

C．要消除汞中毒，必须禁止向河中倾倒垃圾

D．要消除汞中毒，必须消除河水中过量的汞

盐类泻药导泻的机制是（）

A.造成肠粘膜吸收障碍

B.使肠腔内渗透压增高

C.使肠粘膜分泌增多

D.促进肠蠕动增快

E.以上都不是

油船清洁压载舱与专用压载舱的本质区别是：（）

A.压载舱舱容大小

B.压载舱位置

C.压载系统

D.压载舱结构

配制汞标准溶液时，为防止汞浓度的改变，按《化妆品卫生规范》，其操作是（）。

A.稀释后，立刻分装于小容器内，并保存于-18℃

B.配制时，加入硝酸使最终浓度为0.5mol/L

C.配制时，加入硝酸使最终浓度为5％

D.配制时，加入硝酸一铬酸钾使最终浓度分别为5％和0.5％

E.配制时，加入硝酸-重铬酸钾使最终浓度分别为5％和0.05％

A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically" proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. (46) Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence (生活维持费) in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist(维持生活), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any" reason". (47) I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time. let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.

This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. (48) This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature ; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.

(49)However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. (50) Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it ; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.

But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

(46) Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society.