以下哪一项不属于开放性损伤？（） A.冲击伤 B.擦伤 C.刺伤 D.火器伤 E.撕

汉语文有很多特点，其中之一就是具有四声。四声(平、上、去、入)归纳成为平声(阴平、阳平)和仄声(上、去、入)两大声类，而这就是构成诗文学的最基本的音调声律的重要因子。

汉语本身具有的“四声平仄”的内在特质，经过文学大师们长期的运用实践，加上了六朝时代佛经翻译工作的盛行，由梵文的声韵之学的启示，汉文的声韵学有了长足的发展，于是诗人们开始自觉地、有意识地安排诗的格律。齐粱至隋唐之间，诗的格律逐步达到了一个新的发展阶段，格律诗臻于完美。这完全是一种学术和艺术的历史发展的结果，把它看成人为的“形式主义”，是一种反科学的错觉。

至唐末期，诗的格律的发展达到最高点，再要发展，若仍在五、七言句法以内寻索新境地，已不可能，于是借助于音乐曲调艺术的繁荣，便生发开扩而产生词这一新体裁。历史上的无数语言音律艺术大师们，从此得到了一个崭新的天地，于中可以驰骋他们的才华智慧。这就可以理解，词乃是汉语诗文学发展的最高形式。后来又有了曲。元曲与宋词，其实都是“曲子词”，不过宋以‘词’为名，元以“曲”为名，本质原是一个；所不同者，元曲发展了衬字法，将原来宋词调中个别的平仄韵合押法普遍化，采用了联套法和代言体，因而趋向“散文化”，铺叙成份加重，将宋之雅词体变为俗典体，俗语俚谚，大量运用；谐笑调谑，亦所包容。但从汉语诗文学格律美的发展上讲，元曲并没有超越宋词的高度，或者说，曲对词并未有像词对诗那样的格律发展。

明确了上述脉络，就会知道要欣赏词，首先要从格律美的角度去领略赏。离开这一点而侈谈词的艺术，很容易流为肤辞泛语。众多词调的格律，千变万化，一字不能随意增减，不能错用四声平仄，因为它是歌唱文学，按谱制词，所以叫做“填词”。 格律的规定十分严格，词人作家第一就要精于审音辨字。这就决定了他每一句每一字的遣词选字的运筹，正是在这种精严的规定下见出了他的驾驭语文音律的真正工夫。正因此故，“青山”“碧蜂”“翠峦”“黛岫”这些变换的词语才被词人们选用。不懂这一道理，见了‘落日”“夕曛”‘晚照”“斜阳”“余晖”，也会觉得奇怪，以为这不过是墨客骚人的“习气”，天生好“玩弄”文字。然后，还要懂得，由音定字，变化组联，又生无穷奇致妙趣。“青霄”“碧落”，意味不同；“征雁”“飞鸿”，神情自异；“落英”缤纷，并非等同于“断红”狼藉。汉字的涵义渊繁，联想丰富，使得诗词极其变化多姿之能事。我们要讲欣赏，应该细心玩味其间的极为精微的分合同异。“含英咀华”与“咬文嚼宇”，虽然造语雅俗有分，却是道着了赏会汉字文学的最为关键的一点。

小题1:下列关于“诗的格律发展脉络”的表述，不正确的一项是（）（3 分）

A．汉语本身具有的“四声平仄”的内在特质是诗的格律形成的原因之一。

B．齐梁至隋唐之间，诗的格律逐步达到了一个新的发展阶段。

C．至唐后期，诗的格律的发展达到最高点，如不另寻他途，已难突破。

D．由于语言音律艺术大师们的努力，格律发展到词，进入了一个新天地。小题2:下列对文章内容的理解，不恰当的一项是（）（3 分）

A．平声和仄声是构成诗词文学最基本的音调声律的重要因素。

B．诗具有格律美不是形式主义，而是学术和艺术的历史发展的结果。

C．和唐诗相比，元曲大量使用俗语俚谚，这是它更具有散文化特点的主要原因。

D．如果不能从格律美的角度欣赏诗词，那就不能真正领略词的精妙。小题3:从全文看，下列表述不符合作者观点的一项是（）（3 分）

A．音乐曲调艺术的繁荣是词这一新体裁能形成发展的重要原因。

B．元曲和宋词虽然本质相同，但元曲在艺术上远远没有达到宋词的高度。

C．词作家要精于审音辨字，是因为词对格律的要求很严格，不能错用四声平仄。

D．“青宵”“碧落”两个词词义相同，但在不同的诗词中，其意味却不相同。

花椒的功效是（）

A.止痛，温中止呕

B.温中止痛，杀虫止痒

C.温中降逆，散寒止痛，温肾助阳

D.散寒止痛，理气和中

E.温肺化饮

用高分子材料制成，粒径在1～250μm，属被动靶向给药系统的是

A．微球
B．pH敏感脂质体
C．磷脂和胆固醇
D．纳米粒
E．前体药物

男性，30岁，因周期性麻痹入院，实验室检查：血钾3．0mmol／L，血CO₂CP16mmol／L，血氯109mmol／L，尿中HCO₃^-增多，AG正常。最可能的诊断为（）

A.低血钾型远端肾小管性酸中毒

B.近端肾小管性酸中毒

C.高血钾型肾小管性酸中毒

D.Fanconi综合征

E.糖尿病酮症酸中毒

[A] Convenient packaging
[B] Health and wellness
[C] Skeptical customers
[D] Enormous markets
[E] Soaring sales
[F] Trendy drink
In the last 40 years the bottled water industry has gone from a business prospect that few took seriously, to a global industry worth billions of pounds. The commodity itself remains simple. The way we think about it has changed fundamentally. Water is natural, pure and sourced at minimal cost. Its real value lies in its marketing and branding. "I think bottled water is the most revealing substance for showing us how the global capitalist market works today," says Richard Wilk, professor of anthropology at Indiana University. "In a sense we’re buying choice, we’re buying freedom. That’s the only thing that can explain why you would pay money for a bottle of something that you can otherwise get for free. "
41. ______
Through a confection of advertising and marketing, bottled water has become one of the biggest success stories in the modern food and beverage industry. "The demand for bottle water has grown exponentially in the last few decades," says Dr. Peter Gleick, author of Bottled and Sold. "It’s doubled, it’s doubled again and it’s doubled again. And the bottle water companies see enormous markets not just in the rich countries but also in the poorer countries. "

No actual variety

Some people think that bottled water is the high point of global capitalism, particularly the people in the bottled water business. "I think bottled water actually represents a kind of caricature of the global economy. It provides people in the developed world with 20 or 30 varieties of something for which there is no actual variety," says Charles Fishman, author of The Big Thirst.
42. ______.
At the beginning there really was no variety and the bottled water phenomenon began with one brand. Perrier (佩绿雅，矿泉水品牌) was a triumph of advertising, creating a brand that was to define a generation. At the heart of the campaign to make the brand popular was Richard Wheatley, of the Leo Burnett advertising agency between 1979 and 1994. "Perrier popularised bottled water," he says. "It made it acceptable, more than acceptable, it made it... desirable. " But it was not an instant success. When Perrier UK was looking to increase its sales in the early 1970’s, it faced a skeptical public. Many questioned why anyone would buy water when you could get it free from the tap.
43. ______.
Faced with obstacles, Perrier turned to advertising with a campaign that was to change our consumer landscape for ever. The campaign was a marketing coup and sales went through the roof from 12 million bottles in 1980 to 152 million by the end of the decade. Perrier was no longer just a bottle of water. The marketing and advertising teams had established a crucial emotional link between the product and the consumers. "Perrier became a badge," says Michael Bellas, chairman of the Beverage Marketing Corporation. "When you held a Perrier bottle up, it said something about yourself, it said you were sophisticated, you understood what was happening in the world. It was a perfect beverage for the young and coming business executives, the trend-setters. "
44. ______.
In an age of instant gratification, still water in portable bottles provided what people needed, exactly when they needed it. "People in general are more and more time pressed," says Mr. Fishman. "We don’t cook our own meals any more, we eat prepared foods of all kinds. And there’s nothing more appealing than a bottle of cold water at a moment when you’re really thirsty. But I think bottled water is one of those products that on many occasions when people buy it, what they’re buying isn’t the water so much as the bottle. That is the package and the convenience at that moment. "
45. ______.
When people bought this convenience, what they were really buying was Polyethylene Terephthalate, or PET, the single most important innovation in the industry’s history. Strong, shatterproof and a highly valued form of polyester, PET is a by-product of the oil industry. It is now utilised in the packaging of everything from pharmaceuticals and soap, to ready meals. In years to come, the environmental impact of PET would haunt the industry and raise questions about its very survival, but in the 1990s this was a revolution. According to Mr. Bellas it was behind the subsequent incredible growth of the industry. "Starting with the introduction of the small premium PET waters, the category started to explode," says Mr. Bellas. "The bottled water industry before PET on the list of all beverage categories was number seven. With the advent of PET, water jumped to the number two spot, behind carbonated soft drinks. "
By branding and marketing water, bottled water has been transformed from something that many of us took for granted into a product that now makes billions for global multinational companies.