166.公司和协会通常雇佣什么样的项目管理者（） A.谈判时站在恰当位置 B.具有欺

TEXT E
Scholar and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go aboard in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.
Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontier, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.
In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.
Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention; there are far more centres of learning, a far greater number of scholars and students.
In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced study has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.
Frequently these specialisations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. Form these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalised schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.
But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.

What, in the writer’s opinion, happens to a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues

A．He gains recognition for his achievements.

B．He attracts large numbers of students.

C．He risks his ideas being student.

D．He is considered slightly mad.

古代专制主义中央集权制度对我国社会影响深远。阅读下列材料：

材料一 中国几千年来一直采用君主制， * * 归皇帝一人掌握。皇帝具有至高无上的权力，表现为高度的中央集权，这是占主导地位的制度。

——张岂之《中国文明史十五讲》

材料二

——北师大版初中历史教材（七上）

材料三 中国古代的中央集权制度，从产生之日起，其组织机构就具有多民族、大一统的性质，其职能就具有维护、推动、发展和形成多民族、大一统国家的历史任务。  

——《凤凰网》

请回答：

（1）材料一中的“制度”是谁首创？（1分）为加强对地方的统治，秦朝推行了什么制度？（1分）

（2）依据材料二和所学知识，指出汉朝西域主要是指我国今天的什么地区？（1分）请写出西汉政府在西域设置的机构名称。（1分）该机构的设置说明了什么？（1分）

（3）依据材料三，概括中央集权制度对我国历史发展的积极作用。（2分）

间歇时间

流体的伯努利定理（）

A.适用于不可压缩的理想流体

B.适用于粘性的理想流体

C.适用于不可压缩的粘性流体

阅读下面文字，完成下列4题。

“大约在公元700年，北欧国家进入了维金时代。这一时代的特点是，大批青年竞相扬帆出海，驶往一切欧洲国家进行征战和从事贸易。维金时代有一条横贯北大西洋西部的航线。这条航线使用者主要是挪威人和冰岛发现之后的冰岛人。随着时光的推移，北欧人在这条航线上发现了一个又一个岛屿。他们便在岛上定居下来，首先被发现的是舍德兰群岛和奥肯尼岛；然后是法罗群岛和冰岛；最后是格陵兰岛。作为北欧人向西方拓展的一个合乎逻辑的结果，北欧人最终到达了美洲的海岸，这一切发生在哥伦布时代之前约 500年。”

海尔格·因斯塔特认为，维金时代的北欧人能够雄心勃勃地向西和向北扩张，首先借助于当时发达的远洋造船业，他进而指出，这在挪威维金时代的坟墓中出土的船只提供了证据。公元800年建造的乌斯堡船装潢华丽，船长21.5米。公元850年至900年之间建造的高克斯塔船长度超过23米。这些船中有的具有漂洋过海的能力，为维金人满足占领欲提供了必不可少的条件。介于北冰洋和大西洋之间的格陵兰岛，面积多达217.56万平方公里，属于世界第一大岛。早年，这里曾是二片人所不知的陆地，到了公元986年，一位叫“红发埃里克”的人在岛上出现了，并在岛的西部地区建立了殖民点。按照海尔格·因斯塔特的解释，“红发埃里克”生于挪威，后从挪威的雅伦移居到冰岛。这位不大守规矩的人，因在冰岛犯法被逐，于公元981年或982年驾船驶向西方，通过丹麦海峡，发现了格陵兰岛。

“红发埃里克”生有一子，他的名字叫雷夫·埃里克森，长大后子承父业，继续西进，成了发现美洲大陆的先驱者之一。海尔格·因斯塔特指出，他们最先到达了美洲的温兰，这一壮举在“格陵兰传说”中被保存下来。

海尔格·因斯塔特

• [a]北欧人在格陵兰岛上的定居情况时说，主要有两个：一是南部的东定居点；二是北部的西定居点。考古人员
• [b]在定居点发掘出300多座农场，70多座教堂和两座修道院的
• [c]。学者们
• [d]这些定居点在它的鼎盛时期有4000多人生活在那里。岛上的人们与挪威的卑尔根之间，还有一条直通的航线，保证着西进者与北欧的经济与文化联系。

  (摘自《中国地理》)

下面文字中加点的，词语在文中的意思是（）。
这条航线使用者主要是挪威人和冰岛发现之后的冰岛人。

A．冰岛被发现以后到冰岛上的各种人

B．发现冰岛的人，不包括原冰岛人

C．冰岛被发现后所有在冰岛上的人

D．冰岛被发现以后出生的冰岛人