一个完整的密码体制，不包括以下（）要素。 A.明文空间 B.密文空间 C.数字签名

《＜论语＞十则》是七年级下册的一篇课文，也是中学阶段学生接触的第一篇文言文。下面是一位教师的课堂教学实录的片断。请根据这位教师的课堂教学设计与课堂实际内容，选择一个角度，谈谈你对于文言文教学问题的看法。
在正式的内容讲完之后往往要组织一些活动课，它是“大语文教育”的重要一翼。当年杭州二中的著名特级教师林炜彤先生曾对我说过：学生最讨厌什么样的课——公开课；最喜欢什么样的课——七扯八扯的课。我理解，所谓“七扯八扯的课”，其实就是活动课，就是教学内容向课外、向生活的延伸。由于能扩展视野，满足好奇心和求知欲，又没有必须完成的作业，它倍受学生欢迎。活动课还能密切师生关系，加深师生感情。别忘了，“亲其师”才能“信其道”。我在这一课组织的活动是：
(1)网上拜访孔子。
点击进入：
①“中国孔子”网站；
②孔子博物院；
③孔子箴言名句。
这些网站中有许多有趣的东西。
(2)中央电视台“千秋史话”节目之《孔子》(我这里有一套“千秋史话”的光盘)。电视往往是很有吸引力的。
(3)探究性学习。这一项最有价值。我这样安排：
朱熹说：“读书无疑者须先教有疑，有疑者却要无疑，到这里方是长进”。你有疑，特别是“无疑之疑”吗在适当的时候老师提出自己准备的问题：“学而时习之，不亦说乎有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎”这三句有什么内在联系可能不可能没什么联系先对学生交代，这个问题，是许多人不解的问题，几个语文网站的“论坛”中都有人提出和讨论这个问题，可惜结论都不能让人信服。你若能解决这个问题，就是一种创见。

丝绸之路经济带的龙头带动城市是（）。

A.连云港

B.郑州

C.西安

D.没有龙头带动城市

现代社会，对于信息的依赖程度越来越高，而信息也往往出现鱼目混珠或者与决策无关等问题。因此，企业很期待获得高质量的信息。对于高质量信息的判断，很关键一点是能够使得信息使用者掌握到所有应包括的内容，不至于做出错误判断，这体现的是( )。

A．信息具有完整性

B．信息具有相关性

C．信息具有权威性

D．信息具有准确性

Starting with his review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate (天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1) instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2) .

This linguistic approach (3) the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se (本身), but (4) rules that enable a speaker to (5) an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6) single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7) with the particular thing signified, but (8) all members of a general class.

This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9) into existing psychological frameworks and (10) a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles "intrinsic (原有的) to the mind" that provide invariant structures (11) perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12) all of these processes; thus its study (13) our theories of knowledge in general.

Basic to this model of language is the notion that a child’s learning of language is a kind of theory (14) . It’s thought to be accomplished (15) explicit instruction, (16) of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17) or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18) , the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19) power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20) it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.

8（）

A.symbolize

B.embody

C.depict

D.represent

锻压