试题与答案

阅读以下文字,完成1~4题。人类生命的信息是怎样传递的呢对它的研究关系到生命本质、疾

题型:单项选择题

题目:

阅读以下文字,完成1~4题。

人类生命的信息是怎样传递的呢对它的研究关系到生命本质、疾病的发生及防治等一系列重大问题的解决。生命的维系和生命的活动正常进行的根本条件,是细胞间以各种方式进行的通信。细胞间的通信要通过细胞问的信息传递来完成,即由信息细胞释放第一个信使、经细胞外液去影响和作用于其他信息接收细胞。第一信使并不直接参与细胞的物质和能量代谢,而是将信息传递给第二信使,转而调节细胞的生理活动和新陈代谢。

第一信使是指激素、神经递质、细胞因子及生长因子等胞外小分子信息物质,起着传递生命信息指令的作用。

第二信使是指环磷酸腺苷(Camp)和环磷酸鸟苷(Cgmp),为生命信息的转换机构,把第一信使效应的信号由细胞膜进一步传向细胞内,起到接收和放大的作用。

第一信使首先作用靶细胞膜上相应的受体,并与其结合,再经G蛋白等信号转换机构的作用,将外来的化学信号转换成细胞内的调节信号,以维持细胞的正常生活功能。

G蛋白家族起着将受体的信息传递给效应物的作用,直接参与对离子道的调节。离子道是镶嵌在膜上的跨膜蛋白质,为细胞代谢和生命活动之门。跨膜传递激发的酶促反应引起膜电位的改变,导致离子道的开放或关闭,从而影响离子物质的通过。

当第一信使配体与相应受体结合后,诱发受体分子构象改变,G蛋白把受体和环化酶偶联在一起,并控制该酶活性,进而影响第二信使的生成。第二信使作为细胞新的信号,激活相应的蛋白激酶,再通过蛋白质磷酸化等一系列酶促反应,调控细胞的活动。

第二信使系统不仅执行了传递激素等信息的使命,而且构成了这种信息的二级放大系统,使被处理的信息成万倍地扩大,以至几个分子的第一信使小分子物质就可以使细胞产生显著的生理效应。

下列对“第二信使”的传输机理,理解正确的一项是()。

A.第二信使作为生命信息的转换机构,将接收到的第一信使,由细胞膜传向细胞内

B.第二信使作为生命信息的转换机构,将外来的信号转换成细胞内的调节信号,从而调节细胞的生理活动

C.第二信使作为细胞新的信号,转变成相应的蛋白激酶,促使蛋白质磷酸化,进而调控细胞的活动

D.第二信使在接收激素等信息以后,又将该信息改变并放大,使被改变的信息成万倍地扩大

答案:

参考答案:B

解析:

A项谈第二信使的作用。C项不是“转变成”,而是“激活”。D项不是“被改变的信息”,而是“被处理的信息”。

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题型:单项选择题

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Along with market days, the (8) of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia (9) after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The (10) provided a means of bringing handmade goods from (11) places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, (12) , were popular items.

Auctions were another popular (13) of trade. Because of the competition, retail (14) opposed these as well as the fairs. (15) governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary (16) of economic development was on the merchants’side, as increasing business specialization became the (17) of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear (18) general stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia’s merchants prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, (19) , in the capital city of the province, (20) to not only the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony.

7()

A.operation

B.sale

C.cooperation

D.corporation

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