风湿性疾病的概念是指 A．系统性红斑狼疮 B．类风湿性关节炎 C．风湿性关节炎 D．

One genetic mutation(基因突变)occurs on average for every 15 cigarettes that a typical lung-cancer patient smokes, according to a study that has found for the first time all of the mutations happen during the lifetime of a cancer patient.

Scientists have completed a full genetic examinations of the genomes（基因组） of cancer patients, and hope the information will lead to a basic understanding of the causes of cancer—and possibly drugs and treatments—by making out the mutations that turn a healthy cell into a cancerous tumor cell.

They studied a lung-cancer patient who had about 23,000 DNA mutations in his lung cells that were connected with exposure(暴露) to the toxins found in cigarette smoke and had built up over his lifetime.

They also looked at a patient with malignant melanoma(恶性黑色肿瘤), the most dangerous form of skin cancer, who had got 30,000 special mutations known to be connected with exposure to sunlight.

Scientists believe this new finding into the genetics of cancer will finally lead to new drugs and perfect treatments that aim at the specific changes to the gene that cause the disease, as well as new techniques for discovering following cancers that have escaped from treatment in other parts of the body.

“For the first time, we have a complete map of all mutations in a cancer cell,” said Dr. Peter Campbell, who led the Cancer Genome project to work out the whole DNA system of tumor cells in order find the mutations.

A similar method was performed on the cells of a patient with skin cancer, which is how the researchers were able to show that the malignant skin cells contained changes that resulted from exposure to light.

“These are the two main cancers in the developed world for which we know the chief exposure. For lung cancer it is cigarette smoke, and for malignant melanoma it is exposure to sunlight,” Professor Campbell said.

小题1:What can the genetic examination of the genomes of cancer patients be used for?

A．To help the professors to win the Nobel Prizes.

B．To advance the study of reason and cure of cancer.

C．To make the medicine industries earn more money.

D．To help the cancer patients reduce their pain.小题2:The underlined word in the third paragraph can be placed by_____.

A．smoke

B．sunlight

C．cell

D．poison小题3:Which of the following statements is right according to the passage?

A．The lung-cancer patient had 30,000 mutations in his lung cells.

B．The genetics of cancer will finally lead to new drugs soon.

C．It’s the first time that people mapped mutations in a cancer cell.

D．Dr. Peter tries to invent a new drug with the DNA system.小题4:What’s the similarity between malignant melanoma and skin cancer of patients?

A．Their smoking too much in daily life.

B．Their receiving too much sunshine.

C．Their refusing to accept treatment.

D．Their interest in travelling abroad.

1999年国际亚细亚民俗学会和中国民俗学会授予“国家重点民俗文化景区”称号的是（）。

A.泾川王母宫

B.莲花山玉皇庙

C.崆峒山

D.庆阳周祖陵

我国历史上最早从理论上剖析方剂的医家是

A．张仲景

B．成无己

C．李时珍

D．汪昂

E．吴鹤皋

对文段最后一句的理解不恰当的一项是( )

A．借小橘灯赞美小姑娘镇定、勇敢、乐观的精神

B．小橘灯的光是微弱的，却能使人想到小姑娘镇定、勇敢、乐观的精神，给人鼓舞

C．从小橘灯想到姑娘，在那黑暗的时代，她镇定、勇敢、乐观的精神是可贵的，给人鼓舞，使人看到光明

D．这说明当时的革命力量还不够强大，小橘灯却能照亮前进的道路，指引我们走向光明，革命的前途是无限美好的

简述齐美尔关于“社会交往形式”的思想。