试题与答案

Jan Hendrik Schon’s success seemed too goo

题型:单项选择题

题目:

Jan Hendrik Schon’s success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers—one every 16 days—detailing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers—which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature—the jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.

In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.

Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters, neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.

Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they’re more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist’s "Impact Factor", a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they’re considering supporting.

The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 most likely means " () ".

A. the most of all

B. the best of all

C. the recently released

D. the widely spread

答案:

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题型:改错题

根据下列材料,回答问题。(12分)

材料一  1952年2月,中 * * 在一份文件中指出:“要克服很多农民在分散经营中所发生的困难,要使广大贫困的农民能够迅速地增加生产而走上丰衣足食的道路,要使国家得到比现在多得多的商品粮及其他的工业原料,同时也能够提高农民的购买力,使国家的工业品得到广大的市场,就必须提倡‘组织起来’。”

——中国人民大学《农村政策文件选编》(一)

材料二 (1958年)中 * * 宣传部11月4日编印的《宣教动态》第134期上,刊登了山东范县(今属河南)人民公社党委第一书记(即县委第一书记)这年10月28日所作的关于范县三年过渡到 * * 主义规划报告的摘要。其中说:……到1960年基本实行“各尽所能,各取所需”的 * * 主义分配制度。到那时:人人进入新乐园,吃喝穿用不要钱;鸡鸭鱼肉味道鲜,顿顿可吃四大盘;天天可以吃水果,各样衣服穿不完;人人都说天堂好,天堂不如新乐园。                  

——《大锅饭》,广西人民出版社2007年1月版

材料三 时任吉林省省长的韩长赋所作的《沁园春·农村改革》中写道:“小岗村头,土地承包,石破天惊。看天南地北,春风到处,人欢马跃,妇孺躬耕。黄土成金,温饱得酬,钟声不灵政策灵。……江淮再度先行,减负担、万众齐欢腾。……莫等闲,鉴古往今来,惟有成功。”  

——《人民日报》2005年4月10日第5版

请回答:

(1)根据材料一指出1952年的农村经济发展状况与国家工业化发展之间存在的矛盾。中 * * 党从1953年起是如何把农民“组织起来”解决这一矛盾的?(4分)

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