试题与答案

伊克塔

题型:名词解释

题目:

伊克塔

答案:

参考答案:

伊克塔为阿拉伯语意为分割的音译,系伊斯兰国家的封建土地制度。这种制度始于四大哈里发时期,原是阿拉伯帝国赐予行政和军事官员作为俸禄收入来源的土地,后逐渐演变为国家土地制度,盛行于倭马亚王朝和阿拔斯王朝,并在中亚、印度等其它地区的伊斯兰国家得到流行。

伊克塔制的具体规定及运行方式是:

一、全国土地归以哈里发或苏丹为代表的全体穆斯林所有;

二、哈里发或苏丹直接将土地及土地上的依附农一起授予封建主;

三、伊克塔封建主有权向属地农民征收赋税,并可继续份封下去;

四、伊克塔封建主承担服兵役的义务,并向上级缴纳什叶税;

五、受封土地可终身享有,但没有所有权,不得世袭;受封者死时,土地必须归还封主。

显然,伊克塔制与西欧采邑制及拜占庭普洛尼亚制有诸多相似之处,但也有明显的差异:

一是伊克塔封建主没有行政管理权,权力归国家所有,由国家来为伊克塔封建主提供保护;

二是伊克塔封建主一般不住在封地,而由委托代代管土地。但同采邑制不可避免地让位于世袭领地制一样,伊克塔制也只是伊斯兰国家封建化链条中的一环,随着封建制度的发展,伊克塔逐渐封建私有制和世袭制所代替。

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