试题与答案

在人类历史的发展过程中,常常会出现一些难以预料的灾害、危机和风险,因此,如何应对这些

题型:问答题 案例分析题

题目:

在人类历史的发展过程中,常常会出现一些难以预料的灾害、危机和风险,因此,如何应对这些灾害、危机和风险,就成了一个摆在人类面前的重要课题。

阅读下列材料:

材料一自秦汉以来,历代封建王朝为了巩固 * * ,始终把防灾救灾政策,作为一项基本国策加以实施,„„朝廷的救灾政策措施,主要包括赈济、减免赋税、抚恤安置、劝奖社会助赈等。自然灾害难以避免,但采取积极的预防措施,可以减轻危害。因此历代王朝都实行一些防灾对策,例如,兴修水利防范水旱潮灾、加强气象及灾情监测、推广防灾技术、储粮备荒„„。单靠政府救济灾民是不够的,采取多种方式动员社会力量助赈,便成了朝廷救灾的重要选择。宋代除继续推行劝奖民间纳粟助赈,元明清有八粟补官及捐纳制度,清代劝捐助赈格外突出。——摘编自《我国古代救灾防灾的经验教训》

材料二岁遇水旱,则遣官祈褥天神、地神、太岁、社稷。至于(皇帝)视旨圜丘(又称祭天台),即大雩(求雨祭名)之义。——摘自《清朝文献通考》

材料三由于集历代之大成,可以说,清代救灾措施是最为全面和完备的„„但由于官员腐败,执行不力,远远没有发挥与其完备制度相对等的功用,实践中各级官吏大发灾荒财的情况比比皆是。——摘编自《清代救灾法律制度述评》

材料四:1844年英国议会通过一项法令,规定8至13岁的儿童每天工作6.5小时,外加3小时教育时间;13至19岁的青工和女工每天工作12小时。1847年5月,十小时工作日的提案在下院通过,6月8日"十小时法案"得到王室批准成为法令。——《英国社会保障制度的建立》

材料五凡有水旱,(清朝统治者)略不可怜恤,坐视其饿莩流离,暴露如莽,„„有纵贪官污吏,布满天下,使剥民脂膏。——杨秀清《奉天讨胡檄布四方谕》

材料六1933年5月,国会通过了《联邦救济法》,成立了联邦紧急救济署。1935年8月通过的《社会保险法》,改变了过去有民间团体自助自救或由慈善团体提供救助的传统,开始了美国的“福利主义”实验。第二次世界大战后,英国经济与社会矛盾都演变到极其严重的地步。为了摆脱困境,寻求发展,工党政府采用“福利国家”政策,实施社会改革,可谓顺乎历史潮流的明智选择。

根据材料一、二,概括中国古代防灾、救灾的特点。

答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

参考答案:弹簧的载荷增量与变形增量之比。

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