最早提出"五不女"的书籍是：（） A.《广嗣纪要》 B.《妇人规》 C.《女科经纶》

Passage One

Discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessive stress is placed on one factor or the other, depending on whether fine commentator is North American or Puerto Rica. Many American social scientists, such as Oscar Handlin, Joseph Fitzpatrick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans as the most recent in a long line of ethnic entrants to occupy the lowest rung on the social ladder. Such a "socio-demographic" approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable cultural integration, in a supposedly egalitarian context. However, this approach fails to take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors, coming from a nation politically subordinated to the United States. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility, and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

In contrasts, the "Colonialist" approach of island-based writers such as Eduardo Seda-Bonilla, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, and Lius Nieves-Falcon tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture in an unequal contest with imposed foreign values. There is, of course, a p tradition of culture accommodation among other Puerto Rican thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly exemplify this tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Rico’s commonwealth status share the same universalizing orientation. But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilation process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist views, advocating the preservation of minority cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation of colonial nationalities.

This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the clash of national cultures as an absolute polarity, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies; forces that may move toward each other in ways that cannot be written off as mere "assimilation". Consider, for example, the indigenous and Afro-Caribbean traditions in Puerto Rican’ culture and how they influence and are influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of Coercion and inequality, so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework, play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same class.

A writer such as Eugenio Fernandez Mendez would most likely agree that （）.

A．it is necessary for the members of such groups to adapt to the culture of the majority

B．the members of such groups generally encounter a culture that is static and undifferentiated

C．social mobility is the most important feature of the experience of members of such groups

D．social scientists should emphasize the cultural and political aspects of the experience of members of such groups

阅读下列材料：

今天的美国奉行强权政治，任意干预他国事务，充当世界警察。然而，200多年前的美国，只是相对落后的英属殖民地。与英国相比，人口少，势力弱。但美国却以小胜大、以劣胜优、以弱胜强，打败了英国，赢得了民族独立战争的胜利。

请回答：

（1）你知道美国是在什么时间诞生的吗？其标志性事件是什么？

___________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）你知道美国独立战争的性质吗？

___________________________________________________________________________________________

（3）美国独立战争有何重要意义？

___________________________________________________________________________________________

概要设计是软件系统结构的总体设计，以下选项中不属于概要设计的是( )。

A．把软件划分成模块

B．确定模块之间的调用关系

C．确定各个模块的功能

D．设计每个模块的伪代码

下列哪一项与评定胎儿孕龄无关

A．羊水量

B．肱骨长

C．双顶径

D．股骨长

E．腹围

在低压配电箱上的工作，应至少由（）人共同进行。

A.4

B.1

C.3

D.2