大量无节制食用海鲜，有可能引起（）等不良症状发生。 A.酱油尿 B.横纹肌溶解 C.

Drinking eight cups or two litres of water a day is longstanding advice. But is there any scientific basis for it, asks Dr Chris van Tulleken.

You know those ads that remind us that even a small drop in hydration（水合作用） levels can massively affect performance so you need to keep hydrated with whatever brand of super drink they're selling?

They seem pretty scientific don't they? Man in white coat, athlete with electrodes attached and so on. And it's not a hard sell because drinking feels right - you're hot and sweating so surely replacing that fluid must be beneficial.

Well earlier this year sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment that had never been done before.This group wanted to find out what happened to performance after dehydration. So they took a group of cyclists and exercised them until they lost 3% of their total body weight in sweat.

Then their performance was assessed after rehydration with either 1) nothing, 2) enough water to bring them back to 2% dehydration or 3) after full rehydration.

So far nothing unusual, but the difference between this and almost every other study that's ever been done on hydration was that the cyclists were blind to how much water they got. The fluid was given intravenously without them knowing the volume.

This is vital because we all, and especially athletes, have such an intimate(密切的)psychological relationship with water consumption.

Remarkably, there was no performance difference between those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing. This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst" which hopes to persuade athletes not to over hydrate with the potentially fatal consequence of diluting your sodium level, causing hyponatraemia.

Perhaps the result shouldn't be so surprising. Humans evolved doing intense exercise in extreme heat and dryness. We are able to tolerate losses in water relatively well whereas even slight over hydration can be far more dangerous. In simple terms, being too watery is as bad for you as being too concentrated.

小题1:What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．There is no scientific basis for drinking eight cups of water a day

B．People used to drink eight cups of water a day

C．An experiment about whether people should drink eight cups of water.

D．People shouldn’t believe longstanding advice.小题2:what does the word“dehydration ”in paragragh 4 mean？

A．doing exercise

B．losing water

C．drinking water

D．having a rest小题3:What is NOT TRUE according to the passage?

A．Drinking too much water is bad for us

B．Sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment for the first time.

C．Those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing performed differently.

D．The cyclists didn’t know how much water they got.小题4:What can we learn from the last paragragh?

A．Humans can bear losing water relatively well

B．It’s dangerous to drink water.

C．Athletes should drink more water than others.

D．This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst".小题5:what is Dr Chris van Tulleken’s attitude towards the. longstanding advice？

A．positive

B．doubtful

C．supportive

D．indifferent

(13分)纲领文件、法律等等往往是一个阶级、一个国家政治意志的集中体现，阅读下列材料，回答问题：

材料一  《天朝田亩制度》中规定：、《天朝田亩制度》规定：“凡当收成时，……除足二十五家每人所食可接新谷外，余则归国库，……如一家有婚娶弥月事，给钱一千，谷一百斤，通天下皆一式。”

（1）材料一体现了《天朝田亩制度》中的那一项内容？反映了什么思想？（2分）

材料二   中华民国主权属于国民全体，国民享有人身、言论、著作、集会、结社、迁移等项自由和请愿、诉讼、选举及被选举等项权利。约法按照立法、行政、司法三权分立的原则构建政治体制。参议院行使立法权，有权选举临时大总统，弹劾临时大总统及国务员……。实行责任内阁制。               ──摘自《中华民国临时约法》

（2）据材料二，简要指出《临时约法》的主要内容是什么？它的颁布有什么意义？（5分）

材料三   第一条 中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的、人民民主专政国家。

第二条 中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。          

──1954年《中华人民共和国宪法》

（3）阅读材料三，指出中国的1954年宪法是哪次会议上制定的？该宪法体现了什么原则？该宪法确定的我国根本政治制度是什么？（4分）

材料四　下面是1959——1993年全国人大、政协召开情况简表：

届次	时间	届次	时间
第三届全国人大	1965．2	第三届全国政协	1959．4
第四届全国人大	1975．1	第四届全国政协	1964．12
第五届全国人大	1978．2	第五届全国政协	1978．2
第六届全国人大	1983．6	第六届全国政协	1983．6
第七届全国人大	1988．3	第七届全国政协	1988．3
第八届全国人大	1993．3	第八届全国政协	1993．3

材料五　自改革开放以来，全国人大于1982年全面修改了宪法，以后又通过四个宪法修正案。全国人大及其常委会制定了200多件现行有效的法律。地方人大及其常委会制定了7500多件现行有效的地方性法规，民族自治地方的人民代表大会制定了600多件自治条例和单行条例。                     

──《中国民主政治建设》（白皮书）

（4）据材料四、五概括新时期民主法制建设的主要成就。（2分）

下列诱发肝性脑病的因素中最常见的是

A．镇静药使用不当

B．便秘

C．消化道出血

D．感染

E．低血糖

为了建立投资约束机制，规范建设单位的行为，建设工程应当按照()的原则组建项目法人，实行项目法人责任制。

A．委托监理

B．政企分开

C．竞争择优

D．优化政策

血源性肺脓肿最常见的病原菌是（）

A.大肠埃希菌

B.产气杆菌

C.金黄色葡萄球菌

D.肺炎克雷伯杆菌

E.绿色溶血性链球菌