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阅读下面短文。回答76～80题人工生命是由计算机科学衍生出来的新学科。它的基本内容包括两个方面：一是以计算机为工具，探索生命进化和生态系统复杂而巧妙的工作机理；二是探索如何把对生命研究的成果用来解决各个领域的实际问题。人工生命这一新学科是美国圣菲研究所克里斯兰格敦博士于1987年()的。他认为，生命的特征在于有自我繁殖、进化等功能。因此计算机也能够制造生命现象。地球上的生物只不过是生命的一种形式，人们通过人工方法可以制造出像生物那样的行为并借此了解生命的全貌。正是在这种思想的推动下，开始了人工生命的研究。今后的科学需要解决复杂系统适应性之类的问题。像人脑、生态系统、社会现象等都是复杂的系统，无法将其细分成组成要素，进行简化后再加以分析，因为这样做将使事物失去其本来的面貌。对于人工生命研究的成果，将有助于解决这类复杂现象的问题。甚至社会上的“流行”现象也是这类复杂现象。社会中的成员各自按照自己的爱好和个性穿着时装。如果某一种类型的服装呈现出优势，它的款式便流行起来。这一趋向将改变社会成员的服装款式，反过来又对整体趋势产生影响。人脑信息处理也存在这种宏观与微观之间的关系。神经细胞相当于组成成员，而神经网络则是由这些成员组成的社会。当从外部获得信息时，脑一面动员已有的信息，一面吸收新的信息自律地形成新的信息结构。每一种神经细胞都将影响神经网络，而神经网络又控制各种神经细胞的行为。从信息系统变化过程观点看，“流行”也好，脑也好，进化也好，从本质上说都是一样的。需要指出的是，人工生命同人工智能不同。人工智能是把已经完成的知识结构作为数据库，然后利用它进行推理。人工生命的研究，则着重于知识的生成过程。

根据本文提供的信息，下列理解不符合原文意思的一项是：

A．人工生命同人工智能研究的对象是不一致的。

B．服装“流行”是社会整体和各成员间相互影响的一种表现形式。

C．人脑属于复杂系统，所以无法研究人脑单个神经细胞。

D．地球上的生物只不过是生命的一种形式。

装订对印刷的影响？

用液性指数来评定砂土的密实度。

Monday’s Supreme Court decision to block a class-action sex-discrimination lawsuit against Wal-Mart was a huge setback for as many as 1.6 million current and former female employees of the world’s largest retailer. But the decision has consequences that range far beyond sex discrimination or the viability of class-action suits.

The underlying issue, which the Supreme Court has now ratified, is Wal-Mart’s authoritarian style, by which executives pressure store-level management to squeeze more and more from millions of clerks, stockers and lower-tier managers.

(41) ______.

In the 1950s and ’60s, northwest Arkansas, where Wal-Mart got its start, was poor, white and rural, in the midst of a wave of agricultural mechanization that generated a huge surplus of unskilled workers. To these men and women, the burgeoning chain of discount stores founded by Sam Walton was a godsend. The men might find dignity managing a store instead of a hardscrabble farm, while their wives and daughters could earn pin money clerking for Mr. Sam. "The enthusiasm of Wal-Mart associates toward their jobs is one of the company’s greatest assets," declared the firm’s 1973 annual report.

(42) ______.

Wal-Mart attorneys have argued, and the Supreme Court agreed this week, that even if sex discrimination was once part of the company’s culture, it is now ancient history: if any store managers are guilty of bias when it comes to promoting women, they are at odds with corporate policy. Wal-Mart is no longer an Ozark company; it is a cosmopolitan, multinational operation.

But that avoids the more essential point, namely that Wal-Mart views low labor costs and a high degree of workplace flexibility as a signal competitive advantage. It is a militantly anti-union company that has been forced to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to current and former employees for violations of state wage and hour laws.

There are tens of thousands of experienced Wal-Mart women who would like to be promoted to the first managerial rung, salaried assistant store manager. (43) ______.

Why Because, for all the change that has swept over the company, at the store level there is still a fair amount of the old communal sociability. Recognizing that workers steeped in that culture make poor candidates for assistant managers, who are the front lines in enforcing labor discipline, Wal-Mart insists that almost all workers promoted to the managerial ranks move to a new store, often hundreds of miles away. (44) ______.

(45) ______. Not unexpectedly, some managers think women with family responsibilities would balk at such demands.

For a time it seemed as if the class-action lawsuit might be a partial substitute for the role of union. By drastically limiting how a class-action suit can be brought, the Supreme Court leaves millions of service-sector workers with few avenues to escape the grinding work life and limited opportunities that so many now face.

[A] But Wal-Mart makes it impossible for many of them to take that post, because its ruthless management style structures the job itself as one that most women, and especially those with young children or a relative to care for, would find difficult to accept.

[B] The obstacles to women’s advancement do not stop there. The workweek for salaried managers is around 50 hours or more, which can surge to 80 or 90 hours a week during holiday seasons.

[C] Indeed. the sex discrimination at Wal-Mart that drove the recent suit is the product not merely of managerial bias and prejudice, but also of a corporate culture and business model that sustains it, rooted in the company’s very beginnings.

[D] Especially in recent years, Wal-Mart’s same-store sales have declined. Workers of both sexes pay the price, but women, who constitute more than 70 percent of hourly employees, pay more.

[E] A patriarchal (男性统治或者主宰的) ethos was written into the Wal-Mart DNA. And that corporate culture was "the single most important element in the continued, remarkable success of Wal-Mart," asserted Don Soderquist, the company’s chief operating officer in the 1990s.

[F] There used to be a remedy for this sort of managerial authoritarianism: it was called a union, which bargained over not only wages and pensions but also the kind of qualitative issues, including promotion and transfer policies.

[G] For middle-aged women caring for families, this corporate reassignment policy amounts to sex discrimination. True, Wal-Mart is hardly alone in demanding that rising managers sacrifice family life, but few companies make relocation such a fixed policy.

45（）

变压器空载电流的（）很小，而（）较大，所以变压器空载时，（）很低，并且是（）的。