转8B、转8AB型转向架可借用（使用）转（）型转向架心盘磨耗盘。A、K2  B、K4

幸福心理学的两种概念模式是（）。

A.心理幸福感和社会幸福感

B.主观幸福感和客观幸福感

C.心理幸福感和客观幸福感

D.社会幸福感和主观幸福感

脑脊液中氯化物明显降低见于（）

A.化脓性脑膜炎

B.病毒性脑膜炎

C.结核性脑膜炎

D.隐球菌性脑膜炎

E.流行性乙脑

遭受自然灾害后应重视（）效益，人民生活普遍富裕后应重视（）效益。

A.生态 社会

B.生态 经济

C.社会 经济

D.社会 生态

Scientists Alan M．Goldberg and Thomas Hartung describe recent advances in replacing the use of animals in toxicology(毒物学)testing．Improvements in cell and tissue culture technologies，for example，allow a growing number of tests to be performed on human cells alone．Computer models are becoming increasingly complex and many could one day become more accurate than trials in living animals．

Since the late 1990s，Huntingdon Life Sciences--a company that conducts testing of substances on animals conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration—has become a proving ground for aggressive strategies by animal-rights militants （好战分子）．At a hearing，a Senate．committee listened to testimony（证词） against Huntingdon employees and financial institutions providing services to the company．One experimentation witness at the hearing insisted that any means necessary were justified（辩护） to spare animals’ lives；he has previously accepted the idea of murder to that end．

Use of animals in testing and in biomedical research continues to be necessary in many instances and is ethically（伦理道德地）preferable to experimenting on humans or giving up cures that could save human lives．But for the sake of people and animals alike，the development and acceptance of animal substitutes deserve enthusiastic support．

In some instances, substitutes are already thought as good or better than animals，but supervising agencies（监督机构）have yet to catch up．In both the European Union and the U．S．，scientists and companies wanting to use the new alternative tests complain that regulatory standards for proving a drug or chemical to be safe for humans force the continued use of animals．Thus，animal-loving Americans might turn to persuading the EPA and the FDA to speed validation（确认）of new methods so that they can be more widely employed．And animal advocates（保护者） who want to influence business could consider investing in the small biotech’s and large pharmaceutical（药品的） companies that are working to develop alternatives to animals in research．

小题1:_____ plays a leading role in replacing the use of animals in testing．

A．Huntingdon Life Sciences

B．Improvement in technologies

C．Animal-fights militants

D．Scientists Alan and Thomas小题2:Accordingly, the animal-rights militants hold the view that_____．

A．animals shouldn’t be used in toxicology testing

B．animals should enjoy equal rights with human beings

C．animals should live wildly and freely

D．we should protect animals from being killed casually小题3:From the passage，we can find _____．

A．the use of animals in testing has been stopped abruptly

B．animal substitutes are not preferable

C．supervising standards contribute to the continued use of animals in testing

D．only Huntingdon Life Sciences is accused小题4:What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．Saving animals and people．

B．The new trend in toxicology testing

C．The use of animals in testing is against human nature

D．New technology changes the fate of animals小题5:The writer’s attitude towards replacing the use of animals in toxicology is____．

A．arbitrary（武断的，随意的）

B．pessimistic

C．indifferent（不关心的 ）

D．optimistic

Na₂CO₃是很重要的化学物质，某学生拟在实验室中制备Na₂CO₃。下面是他的制备实验过程：

将50mL NaOH溶液吸收CO₂气体，制备Na₂CO₃溶液。为了防止通入的CO₂气体过量，生成NaHCO₃，他设计了如下实验步骤：

（Ⅰ）用25mL NaOH溶液吸收过量的CO₂气体，至CO₂气体不再溶解；（Ⅱ）小心煮沸溶液1～2分钟；（Ⅲ）在得到的溶液中加入另一半（25mL）NaOH溶液，使溶液充分混合。

请回答下列问题：

（1）．在（Ⅰ）中，刚通入CO₂时发生的反应是                                  ；而后又发生反应                                    。（请写出化学方程式）

（Ⅱ）中煮沸溶液的目的是                                             。

（Ⅲ）中混合另一半NaOH溶液后发生的反应是                  （请写出离子方程式）

评价该同学能否制得较纯净的Na₂CO₃？                。（填“能”或“不能”）

（2）．按该同学的设计，第（Ⅰ）步实验装置如下：

①装置A使用的试剂是              （固体）和             溶液；

②装置B使用的试剂最好是           （选择：水、饱和NaOH溶液、饱和Na₂CO₃溶液、饱和NaHCO₃溶液），作用是                        ；如果不用B装置，最终得到的Na₂CO₃溶液中可能存在的杂质有                           。