与传统管理模式相比，学习型组织在组织结构、权力分布和工作方式方面表现为（）。A．扁平

阅读下面的文字，完成下题。

“好声音”的精神追求

张颐武

最近，《中国好声音》的出现既获得了诸多好评，也引发了对于选手的经历等方面的争议。好评和争议交错，热播和分歧共存，这其实是近年来中国选秀文化变化和发展的一个新的状况的投射。

中国的选秀文化经过了2005年以后的第一波高潮之后，在相当程度上进入了某种困局。一是造就著名歌手的功能业已减退。通过选秀为公众所认识好像越来越难。这是由于歌手的形象风格都相当接近，难以脱颖而出。一开始通过选秀的梦想舞台选出青春偶像的情况已经不再出现，反而是许多参加各电视台选秀的选手都差不多，观众的印象模糊。二是观众的新奇感消退之后，对于选秀的形式已相当熟悉，各个电视台的选秀节目也都有重复之嫌，使得观众产生了疲劳感。

当下引发观看热潮和争议的《中国好声音》一出现就引发了轰动效应。它力求超越粉丝和歌手的关系，从音乐专业方面着力，从“好声音”中寻求新的可能性。让刘欢、那英等这样非常有声望的音乐人来指点新人，让迷人的好声音得以展现。通过这些华语歌坛的重量级的人物收徒，而选手也可以选择导师的做法，使普通人能够成为音乐人，进入这一专业领域得到更多的培养和深造的机会，从而能够为未来的职业生涯打下坚实的基础。这个构思另辟蹊径，让选秀不再一下子就能让选手实现梦想，也不仅仅是展现梦想；而是让梦想通过一个专业的路径，通过较为严谨的程序得以延伸，最终成为一个职业生涯的选择。这是将梦想的实现转换为实实在在的修业和学习的长期努力的过程，节目正是在这一点上赢得了公众的关注。

一举成名的冲动，展示自我的激情如何转化为实实在在的具体的路径，正是青年一代的焦虑所在。诸多选秀节目尚未从这一方面加以具体的指点，而青年的职业生涯的内在需求和成长渴望在《中国好声音》中得到了展现。这很像是一个音乐的职场节目，激励青少年更好地学习，更艰苦地磨炼，给他们提供更加积极和向上的价值。这样，音乐大家和青年选手的双向选择就有了独特的意义和价值。它所标举的是脚踏实地，所倡导的是一种正面而积极的价值观。

但这个节目引起的质疑和思考也值得我们反思。“好声音”的几位选手的经历和过去的生活引发了一些争议，这些问题曾经是电视节目为了制造效果而经常存在的，但这一次引发的争议似乎相当大。这其实说明，这些年来公众对于诚信的要求有了更严格的标准，并要求电视节目有更严格的自律，要求出现在屏幕上的人更为真实。人们越来越不能容忍曾经相当盛行的“托儿”或者胡乱编造的情节。因为人们越来越明白，诚信的缺失造成的损害和冲击是社会无法承受的。年青一代所需要的是更真实的人生的反映，而不是戏剧化的表演。这其实也给这个优秀的节目一个更为苛刻的要求。只有更加真实，更加让每一个选手的过去都禁得住追问，节目才可能赢得更多的成功，因为只有真实的人的努力和梦想才有价值。这其实凸显了今天社会的必然要求。

小题1:下列对原文的理解和分析，不正确的一项是(3分)(　　)

A．《中国好声音》不同于那些让年轻人当即实现明星梦，或是仅仅让普通人在舞台上展现梦想的选秀节目。

B．观众对选秀节目产生疲劳感，是因为他们对选秀的形式相当熟悉，而且选秀节目又大同小异，缺乏新意。

C．人们越来越不能容忍曾经相当盛行的“托儿”或者虚假的情节，显示出公众对于诚信的判断标准过于苛刻。

D．选秀节目要赢得更多的成功，就必须真实，让每个选手的过去都更禁得起追问。小题2:第二段画线句子“许多参加各电视台选秀的选手都差不多，观众的印象模糊”在论述中有什么作用？请简述。(2分)

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小题3:怎样让选秀节目走上良性的发展之路？请结合全文简要分析。(4分)

答：________________________________________________________________________

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原料的出材率高低可以考核操作人员的( )。

A．卫生水平

B．工作水平

C．原料鉴别水平

D．技术水平

One of the most widely accepted, commonly repeated assumptions (假设) in our culture is that if you exercise, you will lose weight. I exercise all the time, but I still have gut fat that hangs over my belt when I sit. Why isn’t all the exercise getting rid of it?

It’s a question many of us could ask. More than 45 million Americans now belong to a health club, up from 23 million in 1993. We spend some $19 billion a year on gym memberships. Of course, some people join and never go. Still, as one major study — the Minnesota Heart Survey — found, more of us at least say we exercise regularly.

And yet obesity (肥胖) figures have risen sharply in the same period: a third of Americans are obese, and another third count as overweight by the Federal Government’s definition. Yes, it’s entirely possible that those of us who regularly go to the gym would weigh even more if we exercised less. But like many other people, I get hungry after I exercise, so I often eat more on the days I work out than on the days I don’t. Could exercise actually be keeping me from losing weight?

The popular belief that exercise is essential for weight control is actually fairly new. As recently as the 1960s, doctors routinely advised against too much exercise, particularly for older adults who could injure themselves. Today doctors encourage even their oldest patients to exercise, which is sound advice for many reasons: People who regularly exercise are at significantly lower risk for all manner of diseases — those of the heart in particular. They less often develop cancer and many other illnesses. But the past few years of obesity research show that the role of exercise in weight loss has been wildly over-evaluated.

“In general, for weight loss, exercise is pretty useless,” says Eric Ravussin, exercise researcher at Louisiana State University. Many recent studies have found that exercise isn’t as important in helping people lose weight as you hear so regularly in gym advertisements or on shows like The Biggest Loser — or, for that matter, from magazines like this one.

The basic problem is that while it’s true that exercise burns calories and that you must burn calories to lose weight, exercise has another effect: it can make one hungry. That causes us to eat more, which in turn can negate (使无效) the weight-loss benefits we just gained. Exercise, in other words, isn’t necessarily helping us lose weight. It may even be making it harder.

小题1: From the passage we learn that ____.

A．some Americans join a health club but never go there

B．the number of overweight people has doubled since 1993

C．more than 45 million Americans now go to the gym regularly

D．Americans waste too much money each year on sports小题2: According to the passage, exercise ____.

A．has long been believed to be good for older adults

B．is not properly advertised as an effective way to lose weight

C．was first recognized as an effective way to lose weight in the 1960s

D．is less effective in preventing heart disease than what doctors believe小题3:According to the writer, people might gain weight because ____.

A．they have the habit of going to the gym regularly

B．they eat the same food when they do not exercise

C．they exercise less than required by doctors

D．they eat more after they exercise小题4:What may be the best title for this passage?

A．Overweight Is Not Good for Your Health

B．Exercise Won’t Make You Thin

C．Gym Is Part of American Lifestyle

D．Obesity Is a Social Problem in America

加热器有哪些种类？

系统论的创始人是（）。

A.埃奇奥尼

B.诺伯特·维纳

C.爱恩斯坦

D.贝塔朗菲