试题与答案

(25分)阅读材料,完成下列要求。 材料一大平原从西经100度经线以西延伸到落基

题型:综合题

题目:

(25分)阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一 大平原从西经100度经线以西延伸到落基山脉以东。该地区干燥的气候和较少的年平均降雨量制约了种植业的发展。第一次世界大战爆发后,同盟国封锁了黑海出海口,切断了沙皇俄国补给西欧的小麦运输线,美国便担负起为协约国供给粮食的任务。战争给大平原农场主们提供了市场,巨大的需求促使联邦政府和农场主轻率地在半干旱地区大规模地发展种植业。联邦政府鼓励农场主生产,对生态破坏情况熟视无睹。在此背景下,农业生产迅速扩张,土地能否耕种的生态属性被置之不理,生产成了压倒一切的主题,战争对农业的发展造成了巨大的压力。

战争需求促进了大平原农业生产机械化发展的兴起,拖拉机开始大规模地进入大平原的农业生产,拖拉机不仅代表着一种先进的农业生产技术,也代表着一种生态文化观念,它的使用影响了农场主的心态。农场主大规模地使用拖拉机,并未激起他们对土地的怜悯之情,机器切断了草根,也斩断了人与土地之间有可能发起展来的情感联系,土地被无情的转化成牟利的资本,农场主得以利用最先进的生产技术从事最野蛮的破坏资源的活动。一战结束后,南部大平原的农业生产变得特别依赖国际市场。随后,欧洲开始恢复生产力,小麦价格下跌,农场主的经济状况恶化,农场主最终面对不利的市场环境采取了新策略,即进一步扩大生产规模,进一步推广农业生产机械化,这实际上即使大平原的农业生产陷入了恶性循环:使用的机器越多,就越需要开垦更多的土地来维持机器的运行,结果使更多的草地受到破坏。

——摘编自唐纳德·沃斯特《尘暴:1930年代美国南部大平原》和道格拉斯·赫特《沙尘暴:一部农业的和社会的历史》

材料二  1930年美国大平原地区爆发了沙尘暴,这场持续了近10年之久的生态灾难导致了大平原尘暴区(Dust Bowl)的出现。大平原尘暴核心区包括“堪萨斯西部的三分之一,科罗拉多的东南部,俄克拉何马的锅把尔区,得克萨斯锅把尔区北部的三分之二,以及新墨西歌的东北部”。在这些地区,沙尘暴刮走农作物和土壤,呛死牲畜,甚至危害民众的身体健康。恶劣的生存环境迫使有些农场主沿着美国第66号公路涌向加利福尼亚。这些为寻求出路而历尽坎坷的生态难民就是文学名著《愤怒的葡萄》中流民的原型。

——摘编自约翰·斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》

(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,概括战争如何具体地影响大平原农业的发展,从而为20世纪30年代美国尘暴区的形成创造条件的(13分)。

(2)根据材料一、二并结合所学知识,分析沙尘暴带来的危害及启示(12分)。

答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

参考答案:对

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题型:单项选择题

Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, p schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation.

This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as p as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened.

Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp during the war. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then

Older people, tired and irritable from a day’s work, are not angels, either--far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse.

If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won’t bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and p to do their small part to stop such deterioration.

What is the possible meaning of the word "deterioration" in the last paragraph()

A. Spreading of evil conduct

B. Lowering of moral standards

C. Worsening of general situation

D. Declining of physical constitution

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