试题与答案

日本钢铁业从第二次世界大战后到80年代,取得了巨大的发展。钢产量由1950年的500

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题目:

日本钢铁业从第二次世界大战后到80年代,取得了巨大的发展。钢产量由1950年的500万吨,增至1980年的15000万吨。长期以来,美国的钢铁厂家一直以其高劳动生产率闻名于世,随着日本钢铁产业的崛起,美国受到了极大的冲击。不过直到60年代中期,美国仍领先于日本。当时,美国钢铁企业每万人小时平均产钢7吨,而日本只有5吨,但是此后10年日本钢铁企业的劳动生产率为每万人小时产钢9吨,而美国只有8吨。

钢铁企业职工工资增长率,日本比美国高出2.5倍,但是每吨钢成本的工资含量日本为45美元,低于美国的47美元。美国的钢铁厂家从60年代初期就受到日本方面越来越大的威胁。日本人通过自己的努力使本国钢铁厂家的竞争能力胜过美国,日产钢铁源源不断地出口到美国,对美国钢铁企业产生了巨大的冲击,在美国钢铁企业的压力下美国政府不得不出面控制对日本钢铁的进口。

日本钢铁企业的竞争优势源自何处?有人从以下方面进行了分析:

一是低工资优势。日本钢铁企业在第二次世界大战后到70年代初一直拥有相对于美国的低工资优势,特别是第二次世界大战后一段时间,日元暴跌,日本职工工资平均为美国的四分之一。日本钢铁企业充分认识到并利用这一优势,注意扩大生产规模降低成本,提高了产品在世界市场上的竞争能力。

二是在全球范围选择进口廉价原材料。日本虽是资源贫乏的国家,但在70年代初,能源危机之前,原材料价格便宜,日本企业可以在全球范围选择进口优质而价廉的矿石、煤炭、石油等原材料,并建成了世界最大的海底仓库。

以上两个原因是否充分解释了日本钢铁企业的崛起了呢?

70年代以来,日本企业原有的一些优势实际已经丢失或减弱。从1957年到1975年,日本钢铁企业单位劳动时间的工资费用提高了8倍,而同时期美国仅提高了2倍,战后以廉价劳动力为武器而取得竞争优势的日本钢铁企业,原来的“武器”越来越不顶用了。为了维持日本钢铁企业的成长,只要有可以降低成本的机会,日本企业从来不放过。举例来说,50年代末,美国和日本均相继建成了一批容积为2000立方米的高炉。10年以后,日本相继建成了一大批容积超过5000立方米的超大型高炉,而美国新建的高炉没有一座超过4000立方米,且数量也不多。

1982年,日本的高炉600超过2000立方米,而美国超过2000立方米的高炉不足10%。从1951年到1970年20年间,日本钢铁界建成了12个从炼铁到炼钢流水作业的钢铁厂,所建成的钢厂在当时均是世界上规模最大的。美国在1951年后仅建成了两个从炼铁到炼钢流水作业的钢铁厂,不仅数量少而且规模也小。美国新建的两家连续作业钢铁厂所生产的粗钢,仅占美国全年粗钢总产量的5%。而日本新建的12家连续作业钢铁厂所生产的粗钢,占日本全年粗钢总产量的75%以上。日本钢铁企业降低成本的再一个途径是尽可能地采用先进技术。如在生产工艺技术方面采用了纯氧顶吹技术、连续浇铸技术,在管理方面则广泛地应用计算机提高工作效率,这两方面的技术都带来了大量的成本节约。

合理的生产布局是日本钢铁企业获得低成本优势的又一源泉。日本考虑到原料进口和产品出口的特点,厂址选择倾向于靠近海港,不少工厂都建在海港内,以降低运输成本。例如,日本钢管公司建设的世界上最大的钢铁厂——扇岛钢铁厂,即是建在人工造的小岛上。该小岛系从1971年开始填海而成。

石油危机之前,日本炼钢投人的主要能源是石油。石油价格成倍上涨后,日本钢铁企业立即着手改变能源技术结构,用煤炭代替石油并与采用新技术实现企业的技术改造相结合,从1974年到1980年,日本国内所有钢铁企业,全部实现用煤炭代替石油。日本企业为此花费了大量投资,但同时却建成了占全国生产能力80%的节能型连续浇铸系统。日本的炼钢能耗比欧美国家都低。

日本的钢铁企业在顺应环境的变化和不断提高企业和竞争能力方面,不愧作为日本和世界企业的典范。但是,由于全球性钢铁需求的下降,全球经济结构的变化,加上兴起的发展中国家也拥有先进的技术和廉价劳动力的优势,日本的钢铁企业也不可避免地面临了严峻的挑战。为对此作出反应,日本的川崎制铁公司、于1986年6月设立了“川崎技术研究”部门,从事新事业开发。该部门的方针为“制敌抢先”,只要能抢在其他企业之前上市的商品,都可能成为开发对象。川崎公司时常利用进习、研修方式改变干部的观点,强化其应变能力,如1984年的研修论题就是:“世界钢铁业的兴衰与公司的应对之策”。

根据上述情况,请回答下列问题:

日本在50年代至70年代建成的12个钢铁厂的生产能力普遍比美国新建的钢铁厂大,说明日本钢铁业在追求:

A.降低钢铁生产的机会成本

B.降低钢铁生产的运输成本

C.钢铁生产的规模经济

D.钢铁生产的技术进步

答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

参考答案:C

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A. they rob the employees to the last dollar

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