试题与答案

总部设在美国西雅图的波音飞机公司创建于1916年,是世界航空航天业中一颗灿烂的明珠。

题型:单项选择题

题目:

总部设在美国西雅图的波音飞机公司创建于1916年,是世界航空航天业中一颗灿烂的明珠。它于20年代开创了世界上最早的航空邮政业务;30年代建立了自己的全金属运输机系列,二次大战期间为战胜德意日法西斯立下了汗马功劳,二次大战后率先把喷气式客机送上了蓝天。波音公司取得了一个接一个惊人的成绩。到1991年,波音93.14亿美元,利润额为15.67亿美元,雇员16余万,在世界500家最大的工业公司中排名第三十二位。

然而,在令世人瞩目的业绩背后却是披荆斩棘的历程,波音公司的事业并非总是一帆风顺的。最让波音人刻骨铭心的是60年代末期,蒸蒸日上的波音事业开始由于日趋庞大的机构运转不灵了。当时仅总部机构就达2000多人,官僚习气滋生,遇事互相扯皮,更糟糕的是公司领导人陶醉于已取得的赫赫成就,无视瞬息万变的市场和日益强劲的同行,躺在一;两项大宗的官方合同上过舒服日子。很快惩罚来了,公司装配厂里摆满了卖不出去的喷气客机,曾有18个月公司竞无一张订货单,此时公司的老板们才惊恐的发现曾一度拥有的高效率已不存在。

与此同时,世界飞机制造业强手迅速崛起,特别是欧洲“空中客车”工业公司和老对手麦克唐纳•道格拉斯飞机公司实力雄厚,相继推出先进的新型飞机,其势直逼波音,波音公司面临强劲的挑战。

威尔森受命于危难之际,出任波音公司的董事长。30多年的实际工作经验使他深指企业面临危机的症结和回天之术。他一到任便使出了被人称为“威尔森五招”的措施,使波音公司迅速摆脱了困境,再次走向辉煌。

1.精兵简政。“新官上任三把火”,威尔森到任后的第一把火就是力排众议,精兵简政。他从庞大的公司办事机构中调出1800名技术人员和管理人员充实到生产第一线,并把决策权逐级下放,将责权与各级主管负责人的经济利益挂钩。紧接着公司又大量裁剪雇员,仅西雅图地区的10.5万雇员就裁掉3.8万人,这是一段至今仍使波音人回想起来心有余悸的历史。但这一做法立竿见影,公司的办事效率和劳动生产率迅速得到提高。

2.研究与开发。为了振兴波音,公司在60年代末共投入了69亿美元的研究和开发经费,70年代后期面临石油危机,威尔森不惜投入30亿美元研制出被认为是现代民航史上最经济、最省油、最安全的“波音757”、“波音767”两种新型客机。波音公司的R&D经费逐年提高,1988年为7.51亿美元,1989年为7.54亿美元,1990年为了开发产品和新技术投入了160百万美元的新仪器和设备费用以及8.27亿美元的科研开发费。1991年RD经费增到14.17美元。在愈来愈激烈的竞争面前,波音公司把加强研究和开发放在了首位,力争走在同行的前面。

3.质量就是生命。对于飞机制造业来说,产品质量不仅关系到企业的“生命”和前途,而且涉及到亿万乘客本身的生命和安全。因此,波音公司对产品质量格外重视。他们认为从长远看,无论在哪个市场上,唯一经久不衰的价值标准是质量本身。公司要求每一个职员都要牢固树立质量第一的观点,每一个工厂,每一部门都建立了严格的质量管理制度,切实保证每一个部件、零件甚至每颗螺丝钉都以第一流的质量出厂。威尔森逢会必讲:质量是飞机的生命,质量不合格就意味着杀死人的生命。

此外,飞机飞行是否安全还取决于航空公司是否对飞机进行严格的定期检测和维修,机组人员是否严格的按规定操作以及天气恶劣的程度等。波音公司对可能的飞机事故高度重视,他们重新设计了生产程序,以杜绝隐患。在车间里,工程师们对每个工人的每项工作进行严格检查,公司对生产过程的各阶段进行监控,联邦航空局任命的检察员对每架飞机的检查多大800次。波音747一400型大型客机研制后接受了1500小时的飞行检验,1900小时的地面检验。这些检验涉及17000项不同功能,700多万个数据,如此严格的检测真是近乎“天衣无缝”。公司副总裁菲力普•康迪特先生说:“完全杜绝人为的错误事实上是难以办到的,但我们需要制定清楚的操作管理程序,发现错误马上改正,这是波音的传统。

4.重视推销。美国航空公司高级副总经理唐纳德•劳埃德曾说过:“从技术上说,波音公司是非常能干的,但洛克希德公司、麦克唐纳•道格拉斯公司也非常能干,主要的区别是波音公司有独特的推销方法。杰出的推销艺术使买主感到波音公司能充分理解自己的需要,从而形成了强烈的信心,认为波音公司说话一定能够兑现并对顾客一视同仁。”

多年来,为了保持世界上最大民航飞机制造商的地位,为了同日益强劲的对手争夺有限的新定单,波音公司在推销上竭尽全力,采取了灵活应变的制胜谋略。例如:为了将波音7575飞机推销给伊比利亚航空公司,波音公司签订了允许西班牙CASA公司为波音飞机生产零件的合同,作为对英航订购21架波音747-400S客机的回报,波音公司将一个零件仓库设在伦敦附近;

波音公司就是这样竭尽全力地向全世界推销自己的产品,绝对不放弃任何一个市场机会。如今波音公司已成为美国最大的单独出口者,在美国的对外贸易中起着至关重要的作用。

5.售后服务。为全世界7000多架波音飞机提供维修服务,是波音公司的另一项重要业务。公司拥有一只效率高、技术硬的维修队伍,只要顾客需要,波音的维修人员将会以最快的速度从西雅图赶到全世界任何地方。不少买主赞叹:我们在星期一下午向波音公司说需要一个零件,星期二上午我们就能得到这个零件。在波音没有“一锤子买卖”,公司在买主之中赢得了比合同和买卖更重要的东西,那就是信誉和信任。

由于成功地运用了上述策略,波音公司在激烈的竞争中取得了累累硕果,波音的事业持续繁荣。波音公司的历史启示我们:一个企业的成功不仅取决于它拥于策略制定执行和管理过程,而且取决于它那永不松懈的进取精神。

威尔森上任后,波音公司的营销观念转变为:()

A.产品观念

B.推销观念

C.市场营销观念

D.社会营销观念

答案:

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In the United States, if you make it to the ripe old age of 101 or 102, Willard Scott will wish you happy birthday on national television. In England, the queen herself will send her congratulations. This fairly new custom is known as "the Queen’s Telegram" and assures centenarians (people at least 100 years old) that they will receive a birthday telegram from the queen on their one-hundredth birthday. The telegram is so longed for by some Brits that one 98-year-old woman was recently proven to have faked her age by two years just to receive the telegram.
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Visiting a pub is one of Britain’s oldest forms of entertainment. The idea for the first public houses was brought to Britain thousands of years ago by conquering Roman army. The first pubs served only wine, but after the discovery of hops(啤酒花) in the fourteenth century, pubs began to serve mainly beer and ale(麦芽酒), as they do today.
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Today it is reserved to (73)_____gifts with friends.
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