在结构化分析使用的数据流图(DFD)中，利用【 】对其中的图形元素进行确切解释。

患者男性，42岁，糖尿病20年，1d前出现恶心，呕吐，化验尿酮体4+。

酮症酸中毒的诊断标准

A．尿糖，尿酮体强阳性

B．血糖在16.7～33.3mm01/L

C．血糖在33.3mmol/L以上

D．血酮体在4.8mmol/L以上

E．血浆渗透压在330～460mmol/L

阅读理解。

     When punctuation (标点) began, it was mainly to help people read out loud. Until a few hundred years

ago, not many people were taught to read, so there was a lot more reading out loud by the few people who

could.

     To help those reading out loud in the old days, sign (符号) known as "points" were added to pages of

writing. Punctuation comes from the Latin word punctus, meaning "point". These points told readers when

to pause (暂停) or take a breath, and what to emphasize (加重).

     In Europe from the early centuries AD, these points were widely used although not everybody used the

same points for the same thing. When printing was invented, printers had to be made more clearly about

what to put where, so that everyone was doing the same thing. Since that point, all sorts of punctuation

rules have been discov ered and invented.

     Speech marks ".."

     Speech marks or quotation marks are used to show that someone is speaking. The sort we have in English

today began to be widely used during the 18 century. Before that readers simply understood from the way a

sentence was written that someone was speaking although sometimes spoken words were underlined.

     Comma, colon: period (full stop).

     All three of these sorts of punctuation marks were given their Greek names by Aristophanes, a librarian

who lived in Byzantium in the 2'd century BC. They were marks on the page, each with a message to the

reader. Comma meant a short pause. Colon meant a medium (中等的) sized pause. Period meant a long pause.

     Exclamation mark!

     In the early days of punctuation, if you saw this sign, you were supposed to pause. Some people think

the exclamation mark began as what the Creek word JO looked like if it was turned 90 degrees. This word

means"Oh, gosh!" With the I on the top and the O under it, the sign as we know it today was developed.

     Question mark?

     In the middle age, a squiggle (圆弧) above a full stop was sometimes used to show the sentence was a

question and that a person's voice should go up at the end. By the 17" century it had turned into what we

call a question mark. The shape may have come from the letter Q short for that Latin quaestio, meaning

"question". 

     Writers make choices about punctuation because they think differently about sentences and words. It's

part of the personality of their writing. Some writers hate punc- tuation, but others love punctuation. So

whether you love or hate punctuation, the best advice may be to just enjoy it, play with it, think about it and

use it. It belongs (属于) to the language and it belongs to you.

1. When did punctuation begin to be widely used, according to the passage?

A. In the 17th century.

B. In the 2nd century BC.

C. In the 18th century.

D. In the early centuries AD.

2. All punctuation rules were discovered and invented in order to ________.

A. help people read out loud

B. meet the need of printing

C. guide the way of writing

D. mention the spoken words

3. Which of the following is true?

A. A long pause comes after question mark.

B. Speech marks were named by a librarian.

C. Question mark comes from a Latin word.

D. The shape of a word makes exclamation mark.

4. What's the problem about punctuation today?

A. People have completely different ideas about it.

B. Not many people are taught to use it correctly.

C. It has different meanings to different people.

D. Sometimes spoken words must be underlined.

人的脚趾之间经常发生奇痒，甚至发生溃烂，有可能感染了（　　）

A．寄生虫

B．真菌

C．细菌

D．病毒

粉尘引起的职业病危害有全身中毒性、局部刺激性、致癌性、______、尘肺等疾病。

A．肠胃溃疡性
B．局部阻塞性
C．局部麻痹性
D．变态反应性