真丝针织领带

阅读下面文字，完成1-4题。

　　①余生也晚，关于头发的惊心动魄的故事，大都来自耳闻。什么清朝初年勒令汉人把发髻剃成辫子，否则“留发不留头”呀，什么清末的留学生在外国剪去了辫子，回国后要装一根假辫子才能平安无事呀，等等，都未尝眼见。所以读到鲁迅的小说《头发的故事》，除了恍若有悟的吃惊以外，实在很难有切肤之痛的感受。并且，知道在旧社会，与头发关系最密切的理发工人，是颇受社会贱视的，连家谱都不许上，也就是开除其宗籍，还很为他们不平。更值得一提的是，虽然年轻时在进步的历史书籍里，读到大平天国起义是如何如何正义，但真正佩服太平天国的英雄，却是看到了一副据说是翼王石达开的对联以后。对联曰：

　　磨砺以须，问天下头颅几许；

　　及锋而试，看老夫手段如何？

　　②联语的对仗既工稳，造意又豪迈，用之于理发师，更是想像诡奇，出于意表，妙不可言。一面惊叹这位太平天国将领的不羁之才，一面也想到这位王爷对理发师的感情，不但没有像旧社会上层人物那样卑视，而且还将自己睥睨人世的豪情寄托在他们的职业风姿上，真是物与民胞，平等亲切极了。

　　③不料，3月2日读到《人民日报》一封读者来信，却使我大大不舒服了一阵，那封来信正是关系到理发工人的。说是济南市一家理发店的理发工人，拒绝给一个“乡下佬”剃平头，认为乡下佬只配剃光头。当“乡下佬”碰了壁跑掉以后，一对男女理发师还说：“乡下佬还想理平头，没门！”“也不瞧瞧自己那模样！”……

　　④“乡下佬”是不是只配剃光头，以及什么模样的人才配剃平头，这问题是够深奥的，我答不上来。既答不上，也只好避开，置之勿论。我只记得古代有一种刑法，叫“髡”，那办法就是把古圣人所说的“身体发肤，受诸父母，不敢毁伤”的诸种东西之一的头发给去掉；而且似乎是和罚做苦役结合起来的，那就是“髡钳为城旦舂”。但那是秦制，沿用了千把年，至少到隋唐以后就废止了。现在许多国家的罪犯也剃光头，但那并非是刑罚，恐怕多半出于习惯，或便于辨识之类；如果容许用胡适博士的考据方法，来一下“大胆假设”，还可能是由于旧社会监狱里卫生条件不好，怕犯人头发里生虱子，所以干脆让他们牛山濯濯也说不定；但要我“小心求证”却求不到。这很抱歉，胡适博士的考据方法只能学到一半。

　　⑤时至今日，剃光头既不是在政治上或人格上有什么差池的象征，也肯定不会是因为“身体发肤，受诸父母，不敢毁伤”，才舍不得剃光。无非是保护头颅和美观上的讲究，这才有人不愿剃。那封读者来信中的“乡下佬”便正是为了怕剃光头太冷，才要求剃平头的。但从认为“乡下佬剃平头，没门”的理发师看来，似乎是“乡下佬”的“模样”不够格，所以才只配剃光头，倒是从美观这方面着眼的。当然，问题不在于什么标准，也不在于这位城里人的理发师为什么瞧不起“乡下佬”（那里面当然大有文章的），而在于为什么他可以任意决定谁该剃平头，谁只能剃光头，可以这样为所欲为？　　

　　⑥原因简单之至：剃头刀在他手里。　　

　　⑦这就是权。虽然仅仅是一把剃刀，但掌握在手里，就有那么一点剃头权，在这点权限里，谁撞在他手里，就得看他的嘴脸，听他的发落。你要剃平头，没门！权在他手里，“乡下佬”只好悻悻而去，乃至悻悻也不敢悻悻。幸亏他只有这么点儿小权，如果他掌握了用人的权，分配房子的权，乃至更大的权，那就不仅“乡下佬”，更多的人在更多的事上也只好“没门”了。

　　⑧希望少有、乃至没有这种有点权就要耍的人。如果有权就想弄权，就想顺着自己的意思胡来，那么，至少要在“读者来信”栏里让他亮亮相，直到像剃光头那样地把他剃下去。这才叫做“试看剃头者，人亦剃其头”。（选自语文读本4）

1．简述“剃光头发微”在课文中的具体含义。

________________________________________________________

2．简要概括本文的行文脉络。

________________________________________________________

3．如果只保留③⑦⑧等自然段，把其他内容全部删去，也能构成一篇文章，但这样对文章的主旨和结构有什么影响？

________________________________________________________

4．下列对这篇杂文的赏析，不正确的两项是（     ）

A．本文从身边小事谈起，从平凡的生活现象落笔，娓娓谈及社会重大问题，体现了杂文立意因小见大，用小事反映大问题的特点。

B．在材料的选择上，作者小中取大，通过联想把它们组织在一起，从而使文章内容丰富、生动、深刻。 　

C．本文语言似谈天说地，十分自然，但其中讽刺之意却丝毫不减，文章借助这种自然幽默的语言加强了语言的讽刺力度。

D．“原因简单之至，剃头刀在他手里”在文章结构上起承上启下的作用，承接上文的有关“剃头”事论，同时为下文阔开思路做铺垫。

E．“这很抱歉，胡适博士的考据方法只能学到一半”这一句作者用幽默的语气来自嘲没有掌握好考据方法。

阅读下列材料：

材料一 仲舒复对曰：“……春秋大一统者，天地之常经，古今之通谊也。今师异道，人异论，百家殊方，指意不同，是以上亡以持一统。法制数变，下不知所守。臣愚以为诸不在六艺之科，孔子之术者，皆绝其道，勿使并进。邪辟之说灭息，然后统纪可一而法度可明，民知所从矣。”       ——摘自《汉书·董仲舒传》

材料二 所谓天子者，执天下之大权者也二其执大权奈何？以天下之权寄之天下之人，而权乃归之于天子。自公卿大夫，至于百里之宰，一命之官，莫不分天子之权以各治其事，而天子之权乃益尊。   ——摘自顾炎武《日知录》

材料三 所谓君者，代众民任此公共保全安乐之事。为众民之所公举，即为公民之所，公用。民者如店肆之东人，君者乃聘雇之司理人耳。民为主而君为客，民为主而君为仆，故民贵而君贱易明也。众民所归，乃举为民主，如美、法之总统。

——摘自康有为《孟子微》

请回答：

（1）据材料一、二，概括董仲舒的建议与顾炎武的观点。（4分）

（2）结合所学知识，简要说明董仲舒建议的结果及其对历史发展产生的重大影响，并指出顾炎武观点形成的经济根源。（5分）

（3）概述材料所述三个历史时期儒家思想内涵的演变。（6分）

下列受体的激动剂和阻断剂的搭配正确的是

A．异丙肾上腺素与哌仑西平

B．肾上腺素与哌唑嗪

C．去甲肾上腺素与普萘洛尔

D．多巴酚丁胺与阿替洛尔

E．沙丁胺醇与酚妥拉明

什么是省煤器的沸腾率？

In 1957 a doctor in Singapore noticed that hospitals were treating an unusual number of influenza-like cases. Influenza is sometimes called “flu” or a “bad cold”. He took samples from the throats of patients in his hospital and was able to find the virus of this influenza.

There are three main types of the influenza virus. The most important of these are types A and B, each of them having several sub-groups. With the instruments at the hospital the doctor recognized that the outbreak was due to a virus group A, but he did not know the sub-group. He reported the outbreak to the World Health Organization in Geneva. W. H.O. published the important news alongside reports of a similar outbreak in Hong Kong, where about 15%—20% of the population had become ill.

As soon as the London doctors received the package of throat samples, they began the standard tests. They found that by reproducing itself at very high speed, the virus had multiplied more than a million times within two days. Continuing their careful tests, the doctors checked the effect of drugs used against all the known sub-groups of virus type A. None of them gave any protection. This then, was something new: a new influenza virus against which the people of the world had no ready help whatsoever. Having isolated the virus they were working with, the two doctors now dropped it into the noses of some specially selected animals, which contact influenza in the same way as human beings do. In a short time the usual signs of the disease appeared. These experiments revealed that the new virus spread easily, but that it was not a killer. Scientists, like the general public, called it simply “Asian” flu.

The first discovery of the virus, however, was made in China before the disease had appeared in other countries. Various reports showed that the influenza outbreak started in China, probably in February of 1957. By the middle of March it had spread all over China. The virus was found by Chinese doctors early in March. But China was not a member of the World Health Organization and therefore did not report outbreaks of disease to it. Not until two months later, when travelers carried the virus into Hong Kong, from where it spread to Singapore, did the news of the outbreak reach the rest of the world. By this time it was started on its way around the world.

Thereafter, WHO’s Weekly Reports described the steady spread of this virus outbreak, which within four months swept through every continent.

London doctors considered（）

A. “Asian” flu as a bad cold

B. there were three main types of influenza virus

C. it was necessary to test the other virus groups besides group

D. the influenza called “Asian” flu a new one