试题与答案

第二类建筑物避雷针的高度为50米,它与高度为45米的保护范围半径是否相同?为什么?

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题目:

第二类建筑物避雷针的高度为50米,它与高度为45米的保护范围半径是否相同?为什么?

答案:

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题型:阅读理解与欣赏

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陶渊明——魏晋风流的杰出代表

  安贫乐道与崇尚自然,是陶渊明思考人生后得出的两个主要结论,也是他人生的两大支柱和艺术化人生的具体表现。

  “安贫乐道”是陶渊明的为人准则。他的所谓“道”,偏重于个人的品德节操方面,体现了儒家思想。他特别推崇颜回、黔娄、袁安、荣启期等安贫乐道的贫士,立志要像他们那样努力保持高洁的品德节操,绝不为追求高官厚禄而玷污自己。他并不是鄙视出仕,而是不肯同流合污。他既希望建功立业,又想要功成身退。他也考虑贫富的问题,安贫和求富在他心中也常常发生矛盾,但是他能用“道”来求得平衡:“贫富常交战,道胜无戚颜。”(《咏贫士<其五>》)而那些安贫乐道的古代贤人,也就成为他的榜样:“何以慰吾怀,赖古多此贤。”(《咏贫士<其二>》)他的晚年很贫穷,到了几乎挨饿的程度,却并没有丧失其为人的准则。

  “崇尚自然”是陶渊明对人生更为深刻的哲学思考。“自然”一词不见于《论语》《孟子》,而是老庄哲学特有的范畴。老庄所谓“自然”不同于近代与人类社会相对而言的客观的物质性的“自然界”,它是一种状态,非人为的、本来如此的、自然而然的。世间万物皆按其本来的面貌而存在,依其自身固有的规律而变化,无需任何外在的条件和力量。人应当顺应自然的状态和变化,抱朴而含真。陶渊明希望返归和保持自己本来的、未经世俗异化的、天真的性情。所谓“质性自然,非矫厉所得。”(《归去来兮辞并序》),说明自己的质性天然如此,受不了绳墨的约束。所谓“久在樊笼里,复得返自然”(《归园田居<其一>》),表达了他返回自然得到自由的喜悦。在《形影神》里,他让“神”辨自然以释“形”、“影”之苦。“形”指代人企求长生的愿望,“影”指代人求善立名的愿望,而“神”则以自然之义化解它们的苦恼。形、影、神三者,还分别代表了陶渊明自身矛盾着的三个方面,三者的对话反映了他人生的冲突与调和。陶渊明崇尚自然的思想以及由此引导出来的顺化、养真的思想,已形成一套比较完整的哲学。

  总之,陶渊明的思想可以这样概括:通过泯去后天的经过世俗熏染的“伪我”,以求返归一个“真我”。陶渊明看到了社会的腐朽,但没有力量去改变它,只好追求自身道德的完善。他看到了社会的危机,但找不到正确的途径去挽救它,只好求助于人性的复归。这在他自己也许能部分地达到,特别是在他所创造的诗境里,但作为医治社会的药方却是无效的。

  陶渊明是魏晋风流的杰出代表。魏晋风流是魏晋士人所追求的一种人格美,或者说是他们所追求的艺术化的人生,用自己的言行、诗文使自己的人生艺术化。以世俗的眼光来看,陶渊明的一生是很“枯槁”的,但以超俗的眼光来看,他的一生却是很艺术的。他的《五柳先生传》《归去来兮辞》《归园田居》《时运》等作品,都是其艺术化人生的写照。(选自《中国文学史》,袁行霈主编,有删改)

1.下列对陶渊明“人生的两大支柱”的表述,不符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.“安贫乐道”是陶渊明人生的一大支柱。陶渊明所说的“道”,指的是个人的品德和节操。这样的“道”,体现了儒家思想,即要努力保持自己高尚而纯洁的品德和节操。

B.“崇尚自然”是陶渊明人生的又一大支柱。陶渊明所崇尚的“自然”,是一种非人为的、本来如此的、自然而然的人生状态。这样的人生状态,体现了他对人生的更深刻的哲学思考。

C.陶渊明之所以把“安贫乐道”与“崇尚自然”当做自己人生的两大支柱,原因在于他对人生进行了严肃的思考,从中得出了“安贫乐道”与“崇尚自然”这两个主要结论。

D.在“人生的两大支柱”的支撑下,陶渊明坚守为人的准则,努力保持未经世俗异化的天真性情,用自己的言行和诗文构建了自己艺术化的人生大厦,成为了魏晋风流的杰出代表。

2.下列理解,不符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.陶渊明决心保持高洁的品德节操,对颜回、黔娄、袁安、荣启期等安贫乐道的贫寒之士特别推崇。因此,即使贫穷到挨饿的地步,他也能用“道”来求得平衡,不丧失其为人的准则。

B.陶渊明在《归去来兮辞并序》中说:“质性自然,非矫厉所得。”表明他天性如此,受不了绳墨束缚。因此,他不肯与官场同流合污,绝不为追求高官厚禄而使自己的天性受到扭曲。

C.在漫长的人生旅途中,陶渊明也会遭遇某些方面的矛盾冲突。因此,他写下了《形影神》这篇文章,用“形”和“影”代指人的某种愿望,“神”则以自然之义化解它们的苦恼。

D.陶渊明看到了社会的腐朽和危机,但没有力量而且找不到正确的路去改变它,因此,他只好追求自身道德的完善,求助于人性的复归。对他个人而言,这样做便能够部分地达到。

3.下列理解和分析,不符合原文内容的一项是(     )

A.老庄所谓“自然”,不同于近代与人类社会相对而言的客观的物质性的“自然界”,而是老庄哲学特有的范畴。陶渊明崇尚的“自然”与老庄说的“自然”,其内涵是一致的。

B.陶渊明的《五柳先生传》《归去来兮辞》《归园田居》等作品,在艺术上达到了很高的境界。只有站在艺术的高度,我们才能看清陶渊明的一生不是“枯槁”的,而是艺术的。

C.使后天的经过世俗熏染的“伪我”泯灭,以求得返归一个抱朴而含真的“真我”。陶渊明的这种思想,作为救世的药方虽然是无效的,但是作为一种人格美的追求却是有益的。

D.现代社会,人们的物质生活已相当丰富,人们的精神生活也得到了较快发展;但是,陶渊明的“安贫乐道”与“崇尚自然”这两大人生支柱,对现代人仍然具有积极的意义。

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(46)Within the modern study of religion the division between philosophy of reli- gion and the histolw of religions-long regarded as a truism insofar as it reflects the distinction between universal and particular-has become increasingly blurred in recent years with the growing influence of’ cultural and critical theory on the humanities and social sciences. Unlike the earaier paradigmatic split between theology and anthropology (or social science methodology) , cultural theory has helped not only to dismantle well worn dualisms such as religion/politics, theism/atheism, sacred/secular, but more importantly has helped to narrow the gap between academic practices and cultural practices such as religion that scholars seek to study. (47)That is to say, cultural theory has simultaneously problematized and challenged essentialist and theological tendencies (such as dreams of absolute principles, supernatural origins, ahistorical authorities, pure traditions etc. ) as well as scholars’ claims to methodological objectivity and impartiality, since the academy far from being a site of neutral value-free analysis, is itself thoroughly implicated in cultural realities. Indeed in what might seen as a reversal of critical theory’s atheistic roots in the "masters of suspicion" contemporary cultural theory has been adapted by scholars not only to successfully dispute the atheistic presuppositions of modern secular thinking in the social sciences, thereby revitalizing religious and theological reflection in the Christian and Judaic traditions, but, more surprisingly perhaps, it has legitimized the use of phenomena from these particular traditions as resources for critical thinking about religion per se.

(48) By contrast, however, the effects of critical theory on the study of nonWestern religions has not only been far more modest, in many cases it seems also to have had precisely the opposite effect. In the study of South Asian religions, for example, the effect of critical theory seems to have reinforced the priority of the secular. In his recent work "Provincialising Europe" Dipesh Chakrabarty points out the very different interventions of critical theory in the two traditions. (49) Whereas in the Western intellectual traditions fundamental thinkers who are long dead and gone are treated not only as people belonging to their own times but also as though they were our contemporaries, the thinkers and traditions of South Asia, once unbroken and alive in their native languages, are now matters of historical research. These traditions are treated as truly dead, as history. Few if any social scientists working in the history of religions would ever try to make the concepts of these traditions into resources for contemporary critical theory. (50) And yet "past Western thinkers and their categories are never quite dead for us in the same way. South Asian(ist) social scientists would argue passionately with a Marx or a Weber without feeling any need to historicize them or to place them in their European intellectual contexts".

(49) Whereas in the Western intellectual traditions fundamental thinkers who are long dead and gone are treated not only as people belonging to their own times but also as though they were our contemporaries, the thinkers and traditions of South Asia, once unbroken and alive in their native languages, are now matters of historical research.

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