试题与答案

In the United States, the first day nurser

题型:单项选择题

题目:

In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (91) half of the 19th century; most of (92) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day-nursery movement received great (93) during the First World War, when (94) of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (95) in munitions (军火)plants, under direct government sponsorship. (96) the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (97) , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (98) , Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control (99) the day nurseries by (100) them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.
The (101) of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (102) called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (103) the U. S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (104) $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (105) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (106) in day-care centers receiving Federal (107) Soon afterward, the Federal government (108) cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (109) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (110) at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.

A.outset

B.outbreak

C.breakthrough

D.breakdown

答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

参考答案:B

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题型:单项选择题

一般来说,癌细胞进行转移会分为几个阶段:一是侵犯,此时癌上皮细胞会松开癌细胞之间的连接,使之“重获自由”而能移动到其他地方;二是“内渗”,此时癌细胞穿过血管或淋巴管的内皮进入循环系统;三是“外渗”,此时经过循环系统之旅洗礼的幸存者会穿过微血管的内皮细胞到达其他组织;最后就是这些癌细胞的新大陆移民,在其他组织当中繁衍形成转移的恶性肿瘤。
此前这方面的研究都是将癌细胞注射入循环系统中,如此便缺少了与侵犯和内渗作用相关的基因研究。最近,美国一家研究所发表了与癌症转移早期相关的研究结果。
首先他们使用目前技术领先的微阵列技术对会转移的老鼠乳癌细胞的基因表现进行分析,从中找到了一个重要的转录因子Twist。这个转录因子在胚胎发育的某些过程中,肩负着引发细胞移动以及组织重组的任务,而类似的细胞移动以及组织重塑情形在肿瘤转移的时候也会发生。
他们发现Twist会使由钙黏附素E所调控的细胞黏附作用失效,产生上皮细胞的上皮一间质转化;且被阻断了Twist表现的癌细胞的转移程度会降低,在循环系统中的癌细胞数目也有减少的现象。另外,人类乳癌之一的侵犯性小叶癌当中也观察到Twist抑制了钙黏附素E的表现。
研究人员推测,癌细胞之所以能进行转移,可能是由于唤醒身体中沉睡已久的、负责胚胎早期型态发育的基因,导致相关程序的启动,从而获得可怕的转移能力。
未来在临床上也许能开发药物以抑制Twist这类基因的表现,避免肿瘤转移;或者可以藉由筛检这些基因,及早发现肿瘤未来的走向,并给予适当的治疗。

所谓“经过循环系统之旅洗礼的幸存者”,指的是( )。

A.完成了“内渗”的残存癌细胞
B.抑制了癌细胞“内渗”的淋巴组织
C.阻挡了癌细胞“外渗”的血管组织
D.完成了“外渗”的多余癌细胞

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