滕尼斯认为农村社区是人们生活的共同体，共同体又可分为血缘共同体，（）和精神共同体等三

列式计算

（1）6与4的和除以它们的差，商是多少？（列综合算式）

（2）一个数的5倍减去12与4的积，差是107，求这个数．（列方程计算）

阅读下面的文字，完成下面的题。

　　明长城到此为止。

　　祁连山却仍一脉地西去，只扔出一座文殊山，凭着山脚下呜咽的讨赖河之险，与立于北的黑山对抗。铁青着脸的黑山山脊如马鬃微露，似有伏兵万千，隐隐腾起狰狞的杀气，逼视着扼两山之间15公里宽峡谷的嘉峪关。

　　孤峙于嘉峪塬上，三面临戎的灰黄色的关楼却悄无声息，漠漠平沙在铅灰色的天穹下四面辐射开去，一种铅灰色的肃穆，如重重又重重难以数清的帷幕静垂大地，夹着晚来天欲雪的沉重。远远地，几匹瘦驼啃着枯黄的塞草，在沙上悠悠晃晃，逆着西沉的夕阳看去，如黑黑的剪影，那牧驼的人也如一剪影，使人几疑那是从帷幕深处走出的历史中诱敌的兵士，一场刀光剑影，血溅枯沙的恶战爆发在即……

　　这儿是古战场，数百年前英雄系马磨剑之处，单于猎火照狼山，长烟落日孤城闭的地方。

　　我们的旅行车，行尽我从小学课本上知道嘉峪关后20余年的梦寐，停在关下。

　　双脚踏踏实实地踩上嘉峪关的土地，我深深感到自己出现在这儿纯属偶然。不论过去与未来，这一瞬间和另一瞬间都有许多选择，但偶然不容选择。偶然没有过去与未来之分，它永远是现在时。

　　现在的关门大开。

　　大开的关门也仍是关门，尽管再无士卒把守，我的思想，仍然已中重重埋伏——罗城，瓮城，内城，道道城墙边的埋伏者中，必有一人是我未知姓名的祖先。他来自关内何处？他知道他出现在这儿也是纯属偶然吗？偶然构成人的命运。他到这儿来了，他执行了命令，他进入了阵地。通往敌楼的马道上，他和他的同伴们的脚步明明灭灭……

　　我轻轻移动的双脚，每一步都出其不意，踏在数不清的看不见的手上。

　　汉代，在这儿设有玉石障；五代，这里设有天门关。而从明洪武五年（公元1372年），征虏大 * * 冯胜置关首筑土城算起，至今也已有600多年了。数百年风雨，数百次血战，城墙和箭垛仍十分坚固。传说，修筑城墙用的黄土经过认真筛选后，还要放在青石板上让烈日烤干，以免草籽发芽。夯筑墙身时，更在黄土中掺入麻丝、灰浆和糯米汁，以增强黏结能力。验收也异常严格：在距墙一定距离处以箭射墙，如果箭头没入墙中，便要返工重筑。终于，城墙坚固，箭头触壁落地，攻打关城的时间之纵队，也在相持中与戍守者一起风化为齑粉，散成沙丘一片了。

　　唯有关城无恙，挂过号角的铁钉还在那儿，被黄昏和望归的靴子磨平的石级还在那儿，甚至，当年构筑关城，经过精心计算，完工时仅仅多出的一块砖，也仍毫无变动地，还呆在西瓮城“会极”门楼后边的狭窄檐台之上……

　　既往的一切，都如这块可望而不可及的砖了：多余而必须。既在当初的那儿又不在当初的那儿。呈锁的形状却根本不是锁，没有钥匙开启也无须钥匙开启。

　　这块砖就是历史。

　　历史就是人们所记得的东西。

　　人们记得它首先必须看到它，而能看到的砖或文字都是一种障碍，它们使我此刻立足的嘉峪关，已绝对不是历史深处那个真正的嘉峪关了。真正的历史深处的那个嘉峪关，是卡夫卡的城堡，谁都听说过，但谁都无法进入。它永远属于几百年前的那些戍守者，他们明明灭灭的脚步在我身前身后杂沓，甚至就从我身躯中穿行而过，而相互毫无知觉——对于他们，对于历史，我们是不存在的。历史是他们的，只有当代史才允许我们侧身其间。在我无法参与的那么多为历史所忽略了的夜晚，瓮城积雪盈尺，戍守者们于怔忡中冻醒，寒风扑打关门，宇墙上传来冻脆的刁斗声……春来了，而这里仍然是塞草未青，白发的戍卒于关楼的墙角下以两石相击，然后流泪听击石后发出的啾啾燕鸣——那是关中春暖的燕鸣，那是家乡吴语般的燕鸣啊！

　　如今，“击石燕鸣”作为一景传下来了，那些为历史所忽略的夜与昼则是永远地遗失了。

　　历史忽略那些昼与夜，是因为那些日子里没有发生值得记载的战事，但那些日子这儿有活生生的人，有比在紧张激烈的战斗中可能更为丰富更为立体的人在。忽略了人的历史，分明有几分假了，历史深处的嘉峪关因这遗失，更分明有几分虚幻了。

　　权且把它当作布景吧。

　　我和同行的几位诗人分别照了几张相。

　　离去的时候，车出关门，我回了一下头，嘉峪关已远。

　　我闭上眼睛。我这次偶然的嘉峪关之行到此为止。

　　我的确到了嘉峪关。我确实没有到过嘉峪关。这两种说法都对。（选自《散文》，有删改）

1、结合全文来看，二三段的景物描写有何特色？有哪些作用？

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2、理解文中划线句的含义。

（1）不论过去与未来，这一瞬间和另一瞬间都有许多选择，但偶然不容选择。

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（2）我的确到了嘉峪关。我确实没有到过嘉峪关。这两种说法都对。

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3、文中说“我的思想，仍然已中重重埋伏”，请结合全文，谈谈作者思想的发展过程。

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4、文中多次谈到“历史”，请概括作者对历史的看法。

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人类双眼皮为显性，单眼皮为隐性。某年轻夫妇均为单眼皮，生了一个单眼皮的女孩。后来母亲去美容院通过外科手术变成了双眼皮，该夫妇如果再生一个孩子是双眼皮的机率为

A．0

B．25%

C．50%

D．100%

阅读理解。

     It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers

had lived in the same way for centuries.

     Then one day. Some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere

who liked to eat frog's legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy

frogs from other place.

     This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use

to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the

fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first

time, the people were able to dream of a batter future, But the dream didn't last long.

     The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying

was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately.

     The villagers decided that they couldn't just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They

would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.

     Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn't been useless. They had been

doing an important job-eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more

rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.

     Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of

insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.

1. From paragraph I we learn that the villagers _____. [ ]

A. worked very hard for centuries

B. dreamed of having a better life

C. were poor but somewhat content

D. lived a different life from their forefathers

2. Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs? [ ]

A. the frogs were easy money

B. They needs money to buy medicine

C. they wanted to please the visitors

D. the frogs made too much noise

3. What might be the cause if the children's sickness? [ ]

A. the crops didn't do well

B. there were too many insects

C. the visits brought in diseases

D. the pesticides were overused

4. What can we inform from the last sentence of the text? [ ]

A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country

B. Health is more important than money

C. The harmony between man and nature is important

D. good old day will never be forgotten

下列各项中，不是类风湿关节炎主要表现的是（）。

A.晨僵

B.疼痛

C.肿胀

D.早期肌肉萎缩

E.关节畸形