瞬时功率

材料一：低碳经济是指以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式，是人类社会继农业文明、工业文明之后的又一次重大进步。随着联合国气候大会召开，“低碳经济”开始成为热门话题。中国政府在“十一五”规划纲要中提出，到2010年，中国单位GDP能耗要比2005年降低20%，主要污染物排放总量减少

10%。为此，国家将通过制定和完善鼓励节能减排的税收政策，适时出台燃油税，研究开征环境税等一系列措施，淘汰一批炼铁、炼钢、水泥、焦炭等行业的落后产能，并遂步关停并转一批小火电机组。与此同时，国家还将加大力度贯彻落实《可再生能源法》《清洁生产促进法》与《循环经济促进法》。

（1）材料一体现了《经济生活》哪些道理？结合材料分析说明。

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材料二：解决全球气候变暖、温室气体排放的问题，离不开国际交流与合作。联合国气候大会于2009年  12月7—18日在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开。这次大会，围绕着全球气候变暖、温室气体排放，经历了马拉松式的艰难谈判。某些发达国家抱着政治投机的心态，不仅不想履行自己在《京都议定书》中制订的承诺，还倒打一耙试图把责任推给发展中国家。

（2）结合材料二，运用政治生活的有关知识，说明世界各国为什么要加强合作共同应对气候变化？

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材料三：气候变化问题最初是作为环境问题而由科学家讨论的，与气候变化相关的文章较早也大多出现在科学类杂志上。上世纪70年代有人开始将环境、气候变化、外交和安全等问题联系起来。直到1988年，气候变化问题才逐渐引起了大众关注，有了上升为国家安全和外交政策的可能。自个世纪90年代以来，全球气候变化已经成为国际关系、经济发展、环境与资源、能源、科技研发等领域内举世瞩目的重大战略性问题。

（3）结合材料三，说明人们对气候变化的认识过程所体现的认识论道理。

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女性，26岁。阵发性心慌2年，每次心慌突然发生，持续半小时至2小时不等。本次发作时心律齐，200次／分，按摩颈动脉窦心律能突然减慢至正常；心电图QRS波形态正常，P波不明显。诊断为（）

A.心房扑动

B.窦性心动过速

C.心房颤动

D.阵发性室上性心动过速

E.阵发性室性心动过速

不可测量肛温的患者是()

A．精神异常

B．大面积烧伤

C．心肌梗死

D．婴幼儿

E．昏迷

Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research showing that senior women professors in the institute’s school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One study—conducted in Sweden, of all places—showed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities.

Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglia’s school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this year’s meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and technology is around ￡ 1,500 ($2,850) a year.

That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of men’s and women’s lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking "career breaks" to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for example, earn over ￡ 4,000 a year more than female ones.

To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination.

Besides pay, her study also looked at the " glass-ceiling" effect—namely that at all stages of a woman’s career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair.

Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studies, Dr. Connolly’s compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. Private enterprise, in other words, delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.

The phrase "cropped up" in the first paragraph most probably means（）

A. planted

B. thrived

C. elevated

D. happened

可得利益损失如何计算？