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1．俄罗斯大部分属于________气候，冬季________，夏季_________。

2．气候差异：

（1）东欧平原：气候比较_______。

（2）西伯利亚地区：冬季非常__________。

（3）北冰洋沿岸：是终年严寒的___________气候。

（4）太平洋沿岸：是___________气候。

注册会计师的独立性包括实质上的独立性和形式上的独立性，相比而言，形式上的独立性更容易监督，因此，形式上的独立性更加重要。（　）

制定《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》的目的不包括（）

A.保证麻醉药品的合法、安全、合理使用

B.防止流入非法渠道

C.为加强药品研究开发监督

D.为加强麻醉药品和精神药品的管理

E.保证精神药品的合法、安全、合理使用

如图所示，地面和半圆轨道面均光滑。质量M=1kg、长L=4m的小车放在地面上，其右端与墙壁距离为S，小车上表面与半圆轨道最低点P的切线相平。现有一质量m=2kg的滑块（不计大小）以v₀=6m/s的初速度滑上小车左端，带动小车向右运动。小车与墙壁碰撞时即被粘在墙壁上，已知滑块与小车表面的滑动摩擦因数=0.2，g取m/s²。

小题1:求小车与墙壁碰撞时的速度；

小题2:要滑块能沿圆轨道运动而不脱离圆轨道，求半圆轨道的半径R的取值。

[A] However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360mg shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.

[B] Dr Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG), compared with under a tenth of Caucasians--something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.

[C] The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine, testosterone glucuronide (TG) and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG). The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.

[D] The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.

[E] The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result (see chart). The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual’s genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.

[F] Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra red blood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organisations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency, which would rather they competed without resorting to them.

[G] In the meantime, Dr Schulze’ s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes travelling to Beijing for the Olympic games later this year may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case.

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