单项选择题：推动血液运行的基本动力是（）。A．心的功能 B．脾的功能 C．肺的功能 D．肝的功能

题型：单项选择题

人工生命是由计算机科学衍生出来的新学科。它的基本内容包括两个方面：一是以计算机为工具，探索生命进化和生态系统复杂而巧妙的工作机理；二是探索如何把对生命研究的成果用来解决各个领域的实际问题。

人工生命这一新学科是美国圣菲研究所克里斯·兰格敦博士于1987年( )的。他认为，生命的特征在于有自我繁殖、进化等功能。因此计算机也能够制造生命现象。地球上的生物只不过是生命的一种形式，人们通过人工方法可以制造出像生物那样的行为并借此了解生命的全貌。正是在这种思想的推动下，开始了人工生命的研究。

今后的科学需要解决复杂系统适应性之类的问题。像人脑、生态系统、社会现象等都是复杂的系统，无法将其细分成组成要素，进行简化后再加以分析，因为这样做将使事物失去其本来的面貌。对于人工生命研究的成果，将有助于解决这类复杂现象的问题。甚至社会上的“流行”现象也是这类复杂现象。社会中的成员各自按照自己的爱好和个性穿着时装。如果某一种类型的服装呈现出优势，它的款式便流行起来。这一趋向将改变社会成员的服装款式，反过来又对整体趋势产生影响。

人脑信息处理也存在这种宏观与微观之间的关系。神经细胞相当于组成成员，而神经网络则是由这些成员组成的社会。当从外部获得信息时，脑一面动员已有的信息，一面吸收新的信息自律地形成新的信息结构。每一种神经细胞都将影响神经网络，而神经网络又控制各种神经细胞的行为。从信息系统变化过程观点看，“流行”也好，脑也好，进化也好，从本质上说都是一样的。

需要指出的是，人工生命同人工智能不同。人工智能是把已经完成的知识结构作为数据库，然后利用它进行推理。人工生命的研究，则着重于知识的生成过程。

对第二段中“计算机也能制造生命现象”理解不正确的一项是（）。

A．计算机可以制造出自我繁殖、进化等生命特征

B．计算机可以制造出新的生物

C．计算机可以制造出生命存在的另一种形式

D．计算机可以制造出像生物那样的行为

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题型：单项选择题

颅颌固定法常用于

A．牙槽突骨折

B．髁突骨折

C．下颌角骨折

D．上颌骨骨折

E．颅骨骨折

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题型：单项选择题

以下哪一项不是导致多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)的常见原因

A．慢性胆囊炎

B．休克

C．大面积烧伤

D．出血坏死性胰腺炎

E．绞窄性肠梗阻

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题型：多项选择题

张某以50万元的价格将其房屋卖给周某，双方签订了房屋买卖合同，该合同属于（）。

A.典型合同

B.单务合同

C.有偿合同

D.要式合同

E.双务合同

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题型：单项选择题

Many researchers have found greater dependence and obedience in very young girls, greater autonomy and activity in boys. When a barrier is set up to separate children from their mothers, boys try to knock it down; girls cry helplessly. There is little doubt that mother’s encouragement or discouragement—of such behavior plays a major role in determining adult personality. For example, a mother often stimulates male autonomy by throwing a toy far away from her young son, thus silently suggesting to him that he leaves her to get it.
Animal studies suggest that there may be a biological factor in material behavior; mothers of some monkeys punish their male babies earlier and more often than their female offspring; they also touch their female babies more often and act more protectively toward them.
As for the controversial question of female "passivity", psychologist Helen Deutsh believes that the concept has been misunderstood. "There is no contradiction between being feminine and working. The self can be active in both men and women," she says. It is only in love and sex that passivity is particularly appropriate for women. As she sees it, passivity is no more than a king of openness and warmth; it does not mean "inactivity of emptiness".
Another controversy ranges over the effect of hormones. Aggressive women; who discount hormonal influence, disagree violently with scientific researchers, who almost unanimously agree that hormones help determine how people feel and act. So far, there have been few studies of male hormones, but scientists think they may eventually discover hormonal cycles in men that produce cyclic changes in mood and behavior. As for females, studies have indicated that 49 percent of female medical and surgical admissions, most psychiatric hospital admission and 62 percent of violent crimes among women prisoners are related with hormonal cycles in women.

Animal studies show that ______ .

A．monkey mothers know some knowledge on biology

B．mothers tend to show real love to their female babies

C．the offspring does not need so much caring from mother

D．monkey mothers give more care to their female kids by instinct

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推动血液运行的基本动力是（）。A．心的功能 B．脾的功能 C．肺的功能 D．肝的功能

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