以下各项最能说明新航路开辟对世界历史发展起到积极作用的是 A．促进人类文明的传播

Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel.And he surely deserves additional praise：the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.

I say clever because anti­slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War.H.B.Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example.These early stories dealt directly with slavery.With minor exceptions，Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely.He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.

Again and again，in the postwar years，Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race.Consider the most controversial，at least today，of Twain’s novels，Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn，Twain’s most widely read tale.Once upon a time，people hated the book because it struck them as rude.Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel“trash and suitable only for the slums(贫民窟)．”More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim，the escaped slave，and many occurrences of the word nigger.(The term Nigger Jim，for which the novel is often severely criticized，never appears in it.)

But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point.The novel is strongly anti­slavery.Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic.As J．Chadwick has pointed out，the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities，“the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual：Jim，the father and the man.”

There is much more.Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day.Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites，especially in intelligence，Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth.A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and，for fear that the child should be sold South，switched him for the master’s baby by his wife.The slave’s light­skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave­holding class.The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.

The point was difficult to miss：nurture (养育)，not nature，was the key to social status.The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech，for example—were，to Twain，indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.

Twain’s racial tone was not perfect.One is left uneasy，for example，by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called“nigger shows”in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black­face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.

Was Twain a racist? Asking the questioning the 21^st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln.If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the“wisdom”of the considered moral judgments of the present，we will find nothing but error.Lincoln，who believed the black man the inferior of the white，fought and won a war to free him.And Twain，raised in a slave state，briefly a soldier，and inventor of Jim，may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.

小题1:How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s?

A．Twain was more willing to deal with racism.

B．Twain’s attack on racism was much less open.

C．Twain’s themes seemed to agree with plots.

D．Twain was openly concerned with racism.小题2:Recent criticism of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn arose partly from its________.

A．target readers at the bottom

B．anti­slavery attitude

C．rather impolite language

D．frequent use of“nigger”小题3:What best proves Twain’s anti­slavery stand according to the author?

A．Jim’s search for his family was described in detail.

B．The slave’s voice was first heard in American novels.

C．Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.

D．Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.小题4:The story of two babies switched mainly indicates that________.

A．slaves were forced to give up their babies to their masters

B．slaves’ babies could pick up slave­holders’ way of speaking

C．blacks’social position was shaped by how they were brought up

D．blacks were born with certain features of prejudice小题5:What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to?

A．The attacks.

B．Slavery and prejudice.

C．White men.

D．The shows.小题6:What does the author mainly argue for?

A．Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.

B．Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.

C．Twain’s works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.

D．Twain’s works should be read from a historical point of view.

货物出库必须有货主的出库通知或请求驱动。( )

处理多重共线性的方法主要有两大类：（）和（）。

中国甲公司(卖方)与新加坡乙公司 (买方)签订了一份钢材买卖合同，合同约定：中国甲公司发货后，以传真的形式将提单发出，待新加坡乙公司付款、中国甲公司收到汇款通知副本后，再将正本提单交付给新加坡乙公司。合同签订后，中国甲公司委托美轮公司承运，美轮公司签发了一套一式三份的“凭新加坡乙公司指示”的提单。货物运抵新加坡后，买方未依协议给中国甲公司付款，却在未取得正本提单的情况下，要求美轮公司向其交付货物，并保证承担由此可能产生的任何后果，于是美轮公司放货，致使中国甲公司钱货两空，则下列说法中正确的是( )

A．承运人无单放货，应承担赔偿责任

B．本案所涉提单标明“凭新加坡乙公司指示”，所以新加坡乙公司可以在没有正本提单的情况下提货

C．指示提单具有物权凭证的性质

D．作为提单持有人的中国甲公司可以凭其所持有的提单要求承运人赔偿．

下列叙述有误的一项是( )。

A．控制是一项重要的计划职能，控制首先与计划是密不可分的，离开了控制，一切计划都只能成为空想

B．控制和各项活动也是分不开的，没有控制就难以保证一切活动按照计划进行

C．在各个层次的管理中，控制都起着重要的作用

D．在实践中几乎所有的管理者都必须完成控制的职能