教化起初是以（）为本的。

阅读下面的文字，完成下面问题。    

　　乡村是我永远的家园。在我全部的生活中，乡村是最重要的。

　　虽然走进了城市，不可能与土地日日肌肤相亲，但我始终以农民的眼光审视乡村。乡村是城市的依托，没有乡村也就没有城市的存在，乡村是城市的母体，城市是乡村的延伸和延续。乡村是狗吠鸡鸣牛哞，是薄薄的晨雾和袅袅的炊烟，一条静静地流淌的小河，茂密的小草尖上晶莹的露珠闪耀着太阳的光彩。乡村的早晨是清新和鲜明的。

　　走进田野，就走进了自我。一株株茂盛的高梁、谷子或者玉米，就是我们的兄长。闪着光芒的锄探进植物的根部，根系蔓延，锄的铁质意念就通过异常发达的根系蔓延了整个土地，广阔的原野处处闪耀着铁质的浑厚和沉重，所以我们收获的每一粒粮食、每一季粮食都包含着铁质。铁质沿着血管流动，扎根于我们的每一处神经，我们的脊梁才如此坚挺。

　　粮食的存在，使乡村有了存在的充分理由。一茬一茬的庄稼，一茬一茬的人生，在乡村的远天下格外亮丽。已经死去多年的大树仍然直直地挺立，黑枯的树干直指青天，乡村中许多的构思和想象缘自树干的启迪。镰刀闪着铁质的锋利，农民的梦想始终与庄稼有关，一头牛与一架犁在土地深处探寻，浑黄或者黝黑的土壤蕴涵着无穷的力量，只要播下种子，幻想就无可阻挡地蓬勃起来了。土地时刻迸发着铁质的响声。

　　土地养育了庄稼，也养育了整个乡村。乡人们的性格和作为，任何时候都充满着铁质，欢喜时会无所顾忌地畅心大笑，发怒时会打上一架，或者跑到村街上不明不白地骂上一场，悲哀时会痛痛快快淋漓尽致地大哭一场，然后又执著地走进田野，走进劳作，一切都毫无遮遮掩掩。嫉恶如仇，旗帜鲜明，高昂的气概和高亢的声音比得过任何烦琐深奥的说教。他们不怕风，不怕雨，不怕雷鸣，他们饮风露餐，吃得下千般苦，受得住万般罪，他们常说“没有吃不了的苦，没有受不了的罪”，年景的丰歉和日子的辛苦都是岁月的点缀，他们从不怨天尤人，总烫日出而作，日落而息，沿着太阳的方向走进田野，走进庄稼地里，走进乡村深处的每一个细节，使乡村的每一刻都充充实实和铿锵，有声。哪怕只是一声劳动的号子，也如雷鸣一般响亮；哪怕只是向前迈出一步，也如山一般稳重；哪怕只是一个耕或者种的手势，也都是乡村的经典动作。乡村，处处铁质，铁质处处。

　　乡村是农民的部落。城里人已经厌烦的事情，乡村还在喜欢或者也早已厌烦，喜欢的是一种没有丢失的乡村质朴，厌烦的是曾经生活在乡村里的城里人的造作。城里人始终也在吃着乡村的粮食，但缺少了乡村的铁质。铁质似乎已被城里人丢失殆尽。我们是否要寻找乡村的铁质，使乡村铁质在城市里闪烁，应该是我们思考的问题。

　　乡村是我们生存的依托，也是城市生活的依据，没有了乡村就没有城市。是否有人为城市的一天天的侵占乡村沾沾自喜呢？如果缺少了乡村，缺少了乡村铁质，我们将会更加颓废，城市也将因此而变得莫名其妙地失去方向。因此，不论生活在乡村还是城市里的人们，都不能忘记永远的乡村铁质，它是我们永远的支撑，我们永远的方向。  （选自《散文选刊》2006年1期） 

1．乡村的“铁质”在文中的含义是什么？体现了作者怎样的思想情感？

答：___________________________________________________ 

2．文章的第五段连用了三个“哪怕”，有何作用？

答：___________________________________________________

3．如何理解“乡村是城市的母体，城市是乡村的延伸和延续”？你如何评价作者这样的观点？

答：___________________________________________________

4．整篇文章在写作上有何特点？这种写作手法对表达文章中心有何作用？

答：___________________________________________________

会计档案的保管期限分为永久和定期两类，其中定期保管期限分为3年、5年、l0年、l5年和20年五类。（）

阅读理解。

    An allergy (过敏反应) is a strong reaction to a substance. Many things can cause

allergies. The most common cause is pollen (花粉), which is usually produced by trees in

the spring, grasses in the summer and weeds in the fall, as part of their reproductive

process.

    Other causes include organisms, chemicals, plants and dead skin particles (微粒) from

dogs and cats can also cause allergic reactions. So can insect stings and some food.

    The most common kind of allergic reactions is itchy (痒的), watery eyes and a blocked

or watery nose. Allergies can also cause red, itchy skin. Some reactions can be life-

threatening, for example, when breathing passages become blocked.

    It is not always easy to avoid allergies. Drugs may offer an effective treatment.

Another treatment used in some cases is called immunotherapy (免疫疗法). A patient is

injected with small amounts of the allergy-causing substance. The idea is that larger and

larger amounts are given over time until the patient develops a resistance in his body.

    In the United States, experts estimate that up to 8% of young children have food

allergies. Every year these allergies cause about 30,000 cases with severe reactions that

require immediate treatment. It can result in breathing trouble and in some cases death.

It is said that about 100 to 200 people will die. It says most of the reactions are caused

by peanuts and tree nuts like walnuts.

    People can also be allergic to medicines. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and

Immunology says about 10% of bad reactions to commonly used medicines are allergic. In

other words, a person's immune system overreacts and produces an allergic reaction. The

most common reactions include skin rashes (皮疹), itching, breathing problems and swelling

in areas such as the face.

1. Allergies seldom occur in winter because _____. [ ]

A. plants don't flower in cold weather

B. people usually wear thick clothes

C. pollen is active below freezing point

D. the weather is not too cold for viruses

2. What will happen if one's breathing passages get blocked? [ ]

A. It is nothing serious.

B. One's life is at risk.

C. One has to be sent to hospital.

D. One is sure to breathe easily.

3. According to immunotherapy, the patient is supposed to _____. [ ]

A. take some medicines to produce antibodies

B. have immediate operations

C. be given the allergy-causing substance until he develops a resistance

D. be exposed to enough allergy-causing substances

4. The best title would be "_____". [ ]

A. The ABCs of Allergies

B. The Cause of Allergies

C. The Treatment of Allergies

D. The Prevention of Allergies

疫区（Quarantine area）

客户理财卡、准贷记卡申请换卡后，次日查询发现制卡未成功，失败原因为“客户编号+地址代码不存在”时，支行可以通过（）交易进行维护

A.5210

B.6123

C.6101

D.5225