问答题简答题：分析和评价赫尔巴特的儿童管理思想。

题目：

分析和评价赫尔巴特的儿童管理思想。

答案：

参考答案：

1.是赫尔巴特教育过程三阶段之一。

2.教育过程中，管理应先行。儿童管理师整个教育过程的前提，是教学必不可少的条件。

3.目的：克服儿童“天生的野性”，为教育教学顺利进行，创造良好外部秩序。使儿童养成服从秩序的习惯。管理师实现教育总目的的强有力手段。

4.提出了一整套管理方法：课业、威胁、监督、惩罚。

5.重视管理在教育中地位，有积极意义。建立严明规章制度，安排丰富紧凑儿童生活，注意教育者对儿童的爱等，有一定合理因素。

6.但是，他对儿童的管理立足于维持社会现存秩序，是保守的。把管理和道德机械分开，是错误的。把儿童仅仅看成被动接受管理的对象，没有看到儿童主动性，是片面的。体罚，是落后和反科学的。

题型：阅读理解

Mothers can still offer comfort, even from a distance, a new study has found. The results show that simply hearing their mothers’ voice over the phone works just as well at calming the nerves of stressed children as a real-life pat on the shoulder.

The soothing（抚慰的）effect is most likely due to the release of the hormone（荷尔蒙）, oxytocin（催生素）, in the brain, the researchers say. This “love hormone” is known to quell stress and is likely to be involved in social connections, including those between a mother and a child.

Previous work has revealed that this hormone is released during physical contact with a mother. “But it’s clear from these results that a mother’s voice can have the same effect as a hug, even if she isn’t actually standing there,” said the researcher, Leslie Seltzer, a biological scientist.

Seltzer tested a group of 61 girls, aged 7 to 12, by having them make an unprepared speech and solve a series of maths problems in front of a group of strangers, sending their hearts racing and levels of cortisol—a hormone associated with stress—soaring.

Facing a challenge like that raises stress levels of a lot of people. Once stressed, a third of the girls were comforted in person by their mothers with hugs. A third of the girls watched an emotionally neutral 75-minute video. The rest were handed a telephone with their mothers on the line.

For the girls who interacted in person or over the phone with their mothers, the levels of the “love hormone” rose significantly, and the stress-marking hormone was washed away. This effect didn’t show up for participants who watched the video.

Seltzer is now testing the amount of oxytocin released with other communication methods—like text messaging—and hopes to see the research spread out from human subjects. “It’s not just us, of course. Lots of very social species have voices,” she said. “on the one hand, we are curious to see if this effect is unique to humans. On the other, we’re hoping researchers who study vocal communication will consider looking at oxytocin release in other animals and apply it to broader questions of social behavior and evolutionary biology.

小题1:Mothers’ voice over the phone can reduce children’s nerves according to the study, because .

A．children can imagine their mothers’ hugs on the line

B．children enjoy their mothers’ voice and forget their worries

C．mothers are good at comforting their children, even on the phone

D．mothers’ voice can promote the release of the love hormone小题2:The underlined word “quell” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.

A．cause or bring

B．delay or direct

C．stop or reduce

D．develop or train小题3: From the study, we know that .

A．the level of cortisol determines how stressed a person is

B．the 61 girls were divided into two groups in the research

C．the recent study had the same results as the previous one

D．watching a video is the best way to reduce one’s stress小题4:From the last paragraph, we can conclude that .

A．text messaging has the same effect on oxytocin release as telephoning

B．the effect of a mother's voice on oxytocin in animals is still not known

C．the effect of communication on stress is unique to humans

D．the research has been applied to social behavior and evolutionary biology

查看答案


①希腊地图
②爱琴海地区贸易图
③发言计时器
④陶片