男性患者，38岁，实质性脏器破裂，急行剖腹探查。查体：一般情况较差，贫血面貌，心率1

"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian stage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.

Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.

From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.

Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles. "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself" His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.

This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.

Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. "

This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

44（）

我国国民经济的基础是_________，国民经济的主导产业是_________。

2013年，世界各国经济走势出现分化，美国经济稳步复苏、日本经济在政策刺激下向好转变；欧元区经济总体上依旧疲软，新兴经济体增速有所回落.在此背景下，全球油品需求较平缓，供给相对宽松，国际油价呈现震荡下行走势。

国际能源署数据显示，2013年，全球石油供应量为9165万桶/日，同比增长70万桶/日左右，远不及2012年的220万桶/日的增量。其中，欧佩克石油供应量为3688万桶/日，比2012年下降70万桶/日左右；受益于美国原油产量的大幅提高，2013年非欧佩克石油供应量为5477万桶/日，比2012年增长142万桶/日，远高于2012年的50万桶/日的增量。其中，北美地区石油产量增至1724万桶/日，同比增长138万桶/日，仅美国就增加115万桶/日，加拿大增加26万桶/日。由于利比亚、尼日利亚、伊朗等国政治局势不稳定，这些国家石油产量大幅下降，而沙特、科威特等国石油产量变化不大，2013年欧佩克原油产量结束上升势头，由2012年的3130万桶/日降至3047万桶/日

2013年，世界经济缓慢复苏，拉动世界石油需求增长平稳。国际能源署统计，2013年世界石油需求增长120万桶/日。发达国家复苏势头较好，OECD国家石油需求降幅缩小。2013年OECD国家石油需求同比下降5万桶/日，而2012年需求则下降52万桶/日。其中，2013年日本石油需求下降18万桶/日；欧洲五国（德国、法国、意大利、西班牙和英国）需求下降9万桶/日；美国石油需求则增长21万桶/日，结束了连续数年需求下滑的趋势。虽然新兴经济体国家经济增长普遍放缓，但非OECD国家石油需求增长仍较强劲，同比增长125万桶/日，与上年基本相当。其中亚太、中东、拉美石油需求分别增长63万桶/日、15万桶/日和21万桶/日，合计占2013年世界石油需求增长量的79%。

根据资料。下列说法不正确的是（）

A.2013年，全球石油供应量同比增量低于2012年

B.2013年，世界石油需求同比增量低于2012年

C.2013年，OECD国家石油需求比2011年下降57万桶/日

D.2013年，非OECD国家石油需求同比增长125万桶/日

职业计划通常有（）类型。

A.5种

B.4种

C.3种

D.2种

下列选项中，说法错误的是( )。

A．日本是东亚的一个岛国，领土由北海道、本州、四国、九州四个大岛和一些小岛组成
B．美国面积居世界第四位，是世界上输出农产品最多的国家
C．中国耕地面积广阔，是亚洲耕地面积最大的国家
D．英国的首都伦敦市区因常常充满着潮湿的雾气，又被称为“雾都”