当x=______时，分式xx+1的值为0．

已知：

① A、B、C、D四种物质均含元素X，有的还可能含有元素Y、Z。元素X、Y、Z的原子序数依次递增。

② X在A、B、C、D中都不呈现它的最高化合价。

③室温下单质A与某种常见一元强碱溶液反应，可得到B和C。

④化合物D受热催化分解，可制得元素Y的单质。

(1)元素X是       ，Z是      （用元素名称填空）。

(2)写出③中反应的化学方程式：                                           。

(3)写出④中反应的化学方程式：                                           。

阅读下面文段，回答问题。

　　①那是在远离俄勒冈州海岸一个叫三拱岩的海鸟聚居地。我和同伴攀爬上一块巨石的顶部。在这坑坑洼洼的岩脊一侧栖息着成千上百只海鸠。它们密密麻麻的几乎覆盖了整块岩石。我们蹑手蹑脚地企图靠近它们的领地，很快就被警惕性颇高的海鸠识破了。“呼啦啦”一声响，一大片海鸠飞了起来。

　　②然而在岩石的边际，有那么两只海鸠，尽管惊恐不已，却依然不情愿离开它们的爱子。它们的嘴紧张的张开，褐色的眼里充满了恐慌，绷紧的身上一对翅膀向外张开，摆出了随时准备飞离的架势。在一只拱起的翅膀下露出了一对移动着的黑色小爪子。这两只海鸠妈妈显然比其他的海鸠妈妈更有母爱。面对着两个庞然大物步步逼近它们的巢穴，却依然不愿意放弃自己的孩子。

　　③终于其中的一只海鸠妈妈再也按捺不住自己的恐惧，“呼”的一声飞起，它身下的鸟蛋旋转了一圈，向着岩石的低洼地滚去，眼看着就要跌落到悬崖下了，这时，另外一只剩下的海鸠冲过来，将鸟蛋归拢到自己的身下。

　　④此时整片光秃秃的岩石上，只剩下它这只成年的海鸠。面对着越来越靠近的两个陌生人和一支离它咫尺的不停咔嚓咔嚓作响的黑色照相机，它的恐惧感到了极限。这个时候，另外一只被母亲丢弃的幼雏摇摇摆摆的朝它奔了过来，似乎想寻求保护，海鸠妈妈没有丝毫的犹豫，它伸出翅膀一把将小海鸠塞到自己孩子的那一侧。

　　⑤我对这只海鸠不禁产生了一种敬佩之情。我四肢着地，匍匐向前，这下我的手指离它只有3英尺了，我甚至可以清晰的看到它的整个身体都在颤抖，眼睛里流露出了绝望的光。它扭头看向身后的悬崖，看得出内心再一次激烈的挣扎着，只要轻轻的一拍翅，它就有逃生的希望。我停下来，静待着它的行动，可很快就将头扭回，又用长长尖尖的嘴和我对峙。

　　⑥我伸出手，一个指头、两个指头、一只手，然后我用双手像捧鸽子一样慢慢的捧住这个“伟大的母亲”。它那颤抖不停的身体，惊恐万分的眼神在我轻柔的抚摸中逐渐的平息了下来。这种长期生活在海边悬沿上远离人类的野生鸟类，此刻竟能安详的在我的手中扭着它的脑袋，放松的左右环顾了，只是它的翅膀依然紧紧的拢着，护着下面藏着的一个蛋和两只幼仔。

　　⑦当我和同伴准备离去的时候，一大群海鸠在我们头顶的上空欢快的鸣叫着，仿佛在庆祝它们的转危为安。我默默地望着它们的身影，脑子里浮现的那只海鸠。事实上，我们并没有能够俘获它，它已经用强烈的母爱将我们俘虏了。

1．作者在写海鸠时主要运用的描写方法有哪些？

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2．第⑦段画线句中的“俘获”与“俘虏”意思有什么区别？

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3．第⑥段画线句子运用的修辞方法是什么？它在文中的作用是什么？

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罪犯甲在监狱服刑期间获得外观设计专利，属于《刑法》第78条第1款第(三)项的“有发明创造”，即有重大立功表现，故应当减刑。
附：《刑法》第78条第1款的法条
第七十八条被判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在执行期间，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现的，或者有立功表现的，可以减刑；有下列重大立功表现之一的，应当减刑：
(一)阻止他人重大犯罪活动的；
(二)检举监狱内外重大犯罪活动，经查证属实的；
(三)有发明创造或者重大技术革新的；
(四)在日常生产、生活中舍己救人的；
(五)在抗御自然灾害或者排除重大事故中，有突出表现的；
(六)对国家和社会有其他重大贡献的。

下列对咳嗽变异性哮喘的描述错误的是（）

A.抗生素治疗无效

B.抗哮喘药物治疗有效

C.常伴有过敏性鼻炎、湿疹等过敏性疾病

D.发作时呼吸困难，呼气延长，伴有哮鸣音

E.以干咳为主，常在夜间和（或）清晨及运动后发作或加重

(三)

Mr. Peter Johnson, aged twenty-three, battled for half an hour to escape from his trapped car yesterday when it landed upside down in three feet of water. Mr. Johnson took the only escape route-through the boot.

Mr. Johnson’s car had finished up in a ditch at Romney Marsin, Kent after skidding on ice and hitting a bank. "Fortunately, the water began to come in only slowly," Mr. Johnson said. "I couldn’t force the doors because they were jammed against the walls of the ditch and dared not open the windows because I knew water would come flooding in. "

Mr. Johnson, a sweet salesman of Sitting Home, Kent, first tried to attract the attention of other motorists by sounding the horn and hammering on the roof and boot. Then he began his struggle to escape.

Later he said, "It was really a half penny that saved my life. It was the only coin I had in my pocket and I used it to unscrew the back seat to get into the boot. I hammered desperately with a hammer trying to make someone hear, but no help came. "

It took ten minutes to unscrew the seat, and a further five minutes to clear the sweet samples from the boot. Then Mr. Johnson found a wrench and began to work on the boot lock. Fifteen minutes passed by. "It was the only chance I had. Finally it gave, but as soon as I moved the boot lid, the water and mud poured in. I forced the lid down into the mud and scrambled clear as the car filled up. "

His hands and arms cut and bruised, Mr. Johnson got to Beckett Farm nearby, where he was looked after by the farmer’s wife, Mrs. Lucy Bates. Huddled in a blanket, he said, "That thirty minutes seemed like hours. " Only the tips of the car wheels were visible, police said last night. The vehicle had sunk into two feet of mud at the bottom of the ditch.

Which statement is true according to the passage（）

A．Mr. Johnson’s car stood on its boot as it fell down.

B．Mr. Johnson could not escape from the door because it was full of sweet jam.

C．Mr. Johnson’s car accident was partly due to the slippery road.

D．Mr. Johnson struggled in the pouring mud as he unscrewed the back seat.