什么是太阳能电池的热斑效应？其根源是什么？

名著阅读(4分)

医生建议他再作一次手术，他冷冷地、生硬地说：“到此为止。我可够了。我

已经向科学献出了我的一部分鲜血，剩下的留给我做点别的事吧。”

选文中的“他”指的是主人公________，其生动幽默的语言体现出他________的性格；“做点别的事”具体是指__________一事，这也表明主人公已从过去的___________中解脱出来，重新开始规划新的生活。

　　Even plant can run a fever, especially when they’re under attack by insects or disease. But unlike human, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago, adopting the infrared （红外线）scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide （杀虫剂）spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don’t have pest （害虫）problems.

　　Even better, Paley’s Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3, 000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color - coded map showing where plants were running“ fevers”. Farmers could then spot - spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.

　　The bad news is that Paley’s company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long - term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. “This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States, ” says George Oerther of Texas A & M. Ray Jackson , who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only ff Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.

　56．Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are________.

　　A. sprayed with pesticides     B. facing an infrared scanner

　　C. in poor physical condition   D. exposed to excessive sun rays

　57．In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to________.

　　A. estimate the damage to the crops    B. measure the size of the affected area

　　C. draw a color -coded map          D. locate the problem area

　58．Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by________.

　　A. resorting to spot – spraying   B. consulting infrared scanning experts

　　C. transforming poisoned rain    D. detecting crop problems at an early stage

　59．The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties________.,

　　A. the lack of official support        B. its high cost

　　C. the lack of financial support      D. its failure to help increase production

　60．Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of________.

　　A. the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce

　　B. growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops

　　C. the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture

　　D. full support from agricultural experts

案例二

求助者一般资料：男性，33岁，大学毕业，国家公务员。
求助者主诉：婚姻不美满，妻子有外遇，自己想与妻子离婚但又怕给孩子造成负面的影响，对妻子既不满又怨恨，情绪低落一个半月。心理咨询师在充分了解求助者的基本生活情况后，决定对他进行合理情绪疗法。
以下是整个咨询过程的部分内容：
心理咨询师：你认为使你长期处于现在这种情绪状态的原因是什么
求助者：这还用特别解释吗我们俩五天一大吵两天一小吵，她根本就不理解我……没有比这更糟糕的事情了
心理咨询师：虽然您说的都是你家庭生活中的一些影响你情绪的事情，但它们并不是最直接的原因。
求助者：那么原因会是什么呢
心理咨询师：是你个人对这些事情的看法。所有人对不同的事物都有自己独到的看法，既有合理的看法，也有不合理的看法，各人不同的看法会产生不同的个人情绪。假如你认识到了你目前的情绪是你自己一些不合理的看法导致的，那么你也许会调节好你现在的坏情绪。
求助者：(……沉默)这是怎么回事呢
心理咨询师：想必你也听过塞翁失马的典故吧，塞翁在遇到困难时总保持乐观的态度，原因是什么
求助者：他的想法与别人不同。他丢了一匹马，在大家安慰他时他却说这可能不是一件坏事，所以他没有为这件事情伤心。
心理咨询师：通过这则小典故，你是不是觉得情绪是被一些想法所左右的呢
求助者：确实如此。那么我的坏情绪也许就是我的一些想法在作祟了。
心理咨询师：你现在面临的问题也许大家都有。夫妻吵吵闹闹，感情不好，这些都是夫妻问的小事，但大家并不会像你情绪那么低落，原因是什么呢
求助者：那么是我想的太复杂了吗但是我觉得我的想法都是合理的。我对她太好了，我变着法子让她高兴，还会帮助她做饭，洗衣服，别的丈夫做不到的事情我都会去做。结果呢她从来不知道感谢，一直以来总是在挑剔我的缺点。
心理咨询师：你的意思是你的妻子不像你爱她一样爱你吗
求助者：是啊，她应该爱我的。
心理咨询师：你有什么资格要求她必须爱你呢
求助者：很简单，她是我的妻子，本来就该爱我。

按照埃利斯ABC理论，本案例中求助者的C包括( )。

A．情绪低落

B．担心离婚对孩子的影响

C．对婚姻不满

D．抱怨妻子

理性包括（）个层次。

A.1

B.2

C.3

D.4

中国古代出现的第一个国家 * * 是（）

A.周

B.商

C.夏

D.汉