试题与答案

阅读下面的文字,完成下题。 绝妙的错误 [美]刘易斯·托马斯 大自然迄今取得的

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

题目:

阅读下面的文字,完成下题。

绝妙的错误

[美]刘易斯·托马斯

  大自然迄今取得的唯一最伟大的成就,当然要数DNA分子的发明。我们从一开始就有了它。它装在第一个细胞之中,那个细胞带着膜和其他东西,在大约30亿年前这个行星渐渐冷却时出现在某个地方的浓汤似的水中。今天贯穿地球上所有细胞的DNA,只不过是那第一个DNA扩展和惨淡经营的结果。从某种本质意义上说,我们不能声称自己取得了什么进步,因为生长和繁衍的技术基本没有变。

  可是,我们在其他方面却取得了进步。尽管今天再来谈论进化方面的进步已经不时髦了,因为如果你用那个词去指称任何类似改进的东西,会隐含某种让科学无能为力的价值判断,可我还是想不出一个更好的术语来描述已经发生的事情。毕竟,从一个仅仅拥有一种原始微生物细胞的生命系统中一路走来,从沼地藻丛的无色生涯中脱颖而出,演进到今天我们周围所见的一切——巴黎城,依阿华州,剑桥大学……我后院里的马栗树,还有脊椎动物大脑皮层模块中那一排排的神经原——从那一个古老的分子至今,我们真的已经走得很远了。

  我们绝不可能通过人类智慧做到这一点。即使有分子生物学家从一开始乘卫星飞来,带着实验室等等一切,从另外某个太阳系来到这里,也是白搭。没错!我们进化出了科学家,因此知道了许多关于DNA的事,但假如我们这种心智遇到挑战,要我们从零开始,设计一个类似的会繁殖的分子,我们是绝不会成功的。我们会犯一个致命的错误:我们设计的分子会过于完美。假以时日,我们终于会想出怎样做这事,核苷酸啦,酶啦等等一切,做成完美无瑕的一模一样的复本,可我们怎么想也不会想到,那玩意儿还必须能出差错。

  能够稍微有些失误,乃是DNA的真正奇迹。没有这个特有的品性,我们将至今还只是厌气菌,也绝不会有音乐。一个个地加以单独观察,把我们一路带过来的每一个突变,都是某种随机的全然自发的意外。然而,突变的发生又绝不是意外,因为DNA分子从一开始就命中注定要犯些小小的错误。

  假如由我们来干这事,我们会寻求某种途径去改正这些错误,那样,进化就会半路停止了。试想,一些科学家正在专注地从事于繁殖文本完全正确的、像细菌一样的无核原生细胞,而有核细胞却突然出现,那时,他们会怎样地惊慌失措。

  我们讲,犯错误的是人,可我们并不怎么喜欢这个想法。而让我们去接受这样一个事实——犯错误也是所有生物的本性,那就更难了。我们更喜欢立场坚定,确保不变。可事情还是这样的:我们来到这儿,就是由于纯粹的机遇,也可以说是由于错误。在进化路上的某处,核苷酸旁移,让进了新成员;也可能还有病毒迁移进来,随身带来一些小小的异己的基因组;还有来自太阳或外层空间的辐射在分子中引起了小小的裂缝,于是就孕育出人类。

  不管怎样,只要DNA分子有这种根本的不稳定性,事情的结果大概只能如此。说到底,假如你有个机制,按其设计是用来不断改变生活方式的;假如所有新的形式都必须像它们先前那样互相适配,结成一体;假如每一个即兴生成的、能对个体进行修饰润色的新基因,很有可能为这一物种所选择;假如你也有足够的时间,那么,这个系统注定要迟早发育出大脑,还有知觉。

  生物学实在需要有一个比“错误”更好的词来指称这种进化的推动力。或者,“错误”一词也毕竟用得。只要你记住,它来自一个古老的词根,那词根意为四处游荡,寻寻觅觅。(选自《水母与蜗牛——一个生物学观察者的手记(续)》有删改)

1.作者在第一段里说“从某种本质意义上说,我们不能声称自己取得了什么进步”,但在第二段里又说“我们在其他方面却取得了进步”,如何理解这两句话?

答:____________________________________________________

2.科普文的语言除准确严谨外,还具有不同于一般说明文的语言特色。请在文中加点词语中任选两个,结合文章简要分析这些不同的语言特色。

答:____________________________________________________

3.作者为什么将标题取名为“绝妙的错误”,请结合全文分析。

答:____________________________________________________

答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

(1)B(2)C

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