试题与答案

最近某中学历史兴趣小组拟举办一次以“东西方文明的对话”为主题的探究活动(教师指导

题型:材料题

题目:

最近某中学历史兴趣小组拟举办一次以“东西方文明的对话”为主题的探究活动(教师指导、学生参与展览的筹备与宣传)。现摘录其中的部分探究主题材料,结合所学知识回答相关问题:

探究主题一 东西方的古代哲学与教育思想 孔子说:“智、仁、勇三者,天下之达德也。”孔子把“智”(智慧)、“仁”(仁德)、“勇”(勇敢)这三种品质称为“君子道者三”,认为是一个品行高尚的君子必须具备的三种美德。苏格拉底提出一个重要的命题即“美德就是知识”(或“道德就是知识”)。其涵义,他认为一切美德都离不开知识,知识是美德的基础,知识贯穿于一切美德之中;美德不是孤立存在的一些观念和准则,任何美德都须具备相应的知识,无知的人不会真正有美德。认为:“美德由教育而来”。

请回答:

(1)根据上述材料,结合所学知识,说明孔子与苏格拉底的思想主张有何相同点?

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探究主题二 东西方的启蒙思想 16至17世纪的中国,新的经济形态还十分微弱、脆嫩,明清时期的早期启蒙思想家们先天不足,具有一种时代性的缺陷,黄宗羲、唐甄们提不出新的社会方案,而只能用扩大相权、限制君权、提倡学校议政等办法来修补封建专制制度。孟德斯鸠、卢梭们则拿出了“三权分立”、君主立宪制、民主共和制这样的资产阶级国家蓝图。这表明,中国明清时期的进步思想与18世纪欧洲启蒙思想属于两个不同的历史范畴。前者是中世纪末期的产物,后者是近代社会的宣言书。

——张岱年、方克立主编《中国文化概论》

请回答:

(2)17世纪的中国和18世纪的法国,都产生了启蒙思想。中外启蒙思想最主要的共同主张是什么?依据材料,结合所学知识,说明中国明清时期的进步思想为什么没有成为“近代社会的宣言书”?

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探究主题三 西学东渐 19世纪中后期到20世纪初期中国人对西学一直存在争论。以下是其中的四种观点。甲认为中国是文明古国,周围国家是蛮夷禽兽之国,文化落后,因此,只能是以夏变夷,从来没有听说过“以夷变夏”。乙认为中国擅长的是道,西方擅长的是器。中国原来也包括器的,但是后来这套科学技术“器”的研究没有被重视,失传了,传到西方去了。我们现在向西方学习,学的即是我们传过去的东西,中国古已有之,传到西方,现在“天将器还中国”,我们又学习,这是合理的,必要的。丙 认为乙是在“古书中猎取近似陈言,谓西学皆中土所已有,并无新奇”,其意在“扬己抑人”。这种“西学中源说”的一大危害是造成社会更加崇古,“必谓事事必古之从,又常以不及古为恨”,以致在西学问题上只重器,而不能从更广泛的层面上进行学习。丁 新文化运动期间,陈独秀等人号召人们“冲决过去历史之网罗,破坏陈腐学说的囹圄”,提出“德先生”和“赛先生”的口号。他指出:要拥护德先生,便不得不反对孔教、礼法、贞节、旧伦理、旧政治,要拥护那赛先生,便不得不反对旧艺术、旧宗教。要拥护德先生又要拥护赛先生,便不得不反对国粹和旧文学。

请回答:

(3)指出材料中甲、乙、丙、丁对待西学的具体态度上有何不同?

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(4)通过以上对人类不同文明的探究,我们从中得到哪些结论?

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答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

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题型:阅读理解

A well-dressed man entered a famous jewelry shop. He explained that he wished to buy a pearl for his wife’s birthday. The price didn’t matter. Since business had been very good for him that year. After examining a nice black one that cost $5000, he paid for the pearl in cash, shook hands with the jeweler, and left.

A few days later the man returned and said that his wife liked the pearl so much that she wanted another one just like it. It had to be exactly the same size and quality, as she wanted a pair of earrings made, “Can you give me any advice on how to get such a pearl?” said the man. The jeweler regretfully replied, “I would say it’s exactly impossible to find one exactly like that pearl.”

The rich man insisted that the jeweler advertise in the newspapers, offering $ 25,000 for the matching pearl. Many people answered the advertisement but nobody had a pearl that was just right.

Just when the jeweler had given up hope, a little old lady came into his store. To his great surprise, she pulled the perfect pearl from her purse. “I don’t like to part with it,” she said sadly, “I inherited it from my mother, and my mother inherited it from hers. But I really need the money.”

The jeweler was quick to pay her before she changed her mind. Then he called the rich man’s hotel to tell him the good news. The man, however, was nowhere to be found.

1. The man said he wanted to buy a pearl for ______.

A. his wife   B. his mother-in–law  C. his own mother   D. no one

2. He paid $ 5,000 for the black pearl without bargaining because ______.

A. he was very rich    B. he wanted to make the jeweler believe him

C. he was anxious to get it   D. his business had been successful

3. He told the jeweler to get him another pearl that must be ______.

A. exactly the same size as the black on

B. exactly the same quality as the black one

C. worth no more than $ 25,000

D. exactly as big and nice as the black one

4. Many people answered the advertisement because they wanted _______.

A. to see the perfect pearl

B. to buy some beautiful pearls too

C. to get in touch with the rich man

D. to sell their own pearl at a high price

5. The jeweler couldn’t find the man anywhere because ______.

A. he died suddenly.

B. He happened to be out

C. He got $ 20,000 by cheating and had run away with the money.

D. He wouldn’t show up until the jeweler called him a second time.

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