试题与答案

阅读下面的文字,完成下列小题。 闲的视镜 汪涌豪 ①“闲”是古代文论主体范畴中很

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

题目:

阅读下面的文字,完成下列小题。

闲的视镜

汪涌豪

①“闲”是古代文论主体范畴中很重要的一个概念,由其所指称的主体的自我处置与安顿方式,形成了一种特殊的心性趣味,既深刻地影响了古人看取世界的方式,也直接决定了他们表现世界的结果。所以在实际运用中,它不仅仅影响人的气性修养,还成就了作品的体调与风格。而这种气性修养与体调风格,因贴合着创作主体的自在个性和日常趣味,相对而言,比较能脱开政教的牵绊,直显艺术的本真。所以,对它的形成发展历史作深入的追原,在很大程度上可以究明古代文学创作和批评的某些特点。

②深入地看这种“闲”所指谓的处世态度和审物视界,可以发现,它有湛深的思想背景,儒道两家都曾为其提供过直接的精神资源。

③一般以为,儒家讲究德礼,注重修身,最是庄敬不过。其实,它并不排斥悠闲的处身方式,相反,对生活中许多快乐体验和才艺赏会都很在行,以为这种玩物适情,正可涵养人的德性。譬如孔子就尚“身心一如”、“文质彬彬”,雅好以音乐怡情悦性,尝从人学琴,与人同歌,与弟子一起披春服而咏归,享受在大自然中的休憩乐趣。此外又“盛容饰”,当一个人燕居独处时,“申申如也,夭夭如也”。故《礼记》有《仲尼燕居》和《孔子闲居》,一者“善而不倦”,一者“倦而不亵”。

④儒家虽一人安居,仍恒慎其独。至若礼乐之文,射御书数之法,在他们看来也都寓有至理,可博人旨趣,此孔子所以说“志于道,据于德,依于仁,游于艺”。正是持这样的人生态度,儒者即使人在陋巷,箪食瓢饮,也能做到不改其乐。

⑤道家于此,贡献尤巨。道家非“礼”崇“无”,最崇尚个体的精神自由。如果说,儒家重视在社会秩序中安顿人群,道家则尤重在自然秩序中安顿自己,故论道过程中每常言及“闲”字。其代表人物如庄子,不但常用“闲”指称人的闲暇,如《庄子·知北游》篇之“今日晏闲,敢问至道”,《天地》篇之“闲居三月,复往邀之”,《寓言》篇之“向者弟子欲请夫子,夫子行不闲,是以不敢”等等,更用此来指称人由“身闲”而及“心闲”的精神性活动,如《天道》篇有“以此退居闲游,则江海山林之士服”,《知北篇》有“尝相与无为乎,淡而静乎,漠而清乎,调而闲乎”,《刻意》篇有“就薮泽,处闲旷,钓鱼闲处,无为而已矣,此江海之士,避世之人,闲暇者之所好也”。

⑥这种心闲以及对心闲的深切体认,显然包含有否定世俗功利和遵从个性自由的意思。至于他好讲逍遥游,也如唐人所说,“义取闲放不拘,怡适自得”。由此“乘物以游心”,放眼六合之外,属意于无己、无功、无名,实际上都是为了达至他在《大宗师》中所说的“其心闲而无事”的高上境界。

⑦统合两家思想,可以看到,儒道对“闲”的论说虽分属各自的思想体系,一个隐居以求志,一个修德以就闲,内里却有着共通的气息相勾连。即它都不是发生在广庭与热场,也无关于名利与禄位,它更多表现为个人的选择,如周敦颐《思归旧隐》所谓,“闲方为达士,忙只是劳生”,关乎的是个人在日常安处中的道德精进与精神修养,所以一个要进行“己有耻”的“慎独”,一个依赖“坐忘”、“朝彻”而“见独”。至于其本质的落脚处,都不在形迹,而在精神。

⑧后世文人士大夫追求“闲心乐地”,讲究“闲处从容”,并“寝兴从闲逸,视听绝喧哗”,除了还受到“志闲而少欲,心安而不惧,形劳而不倦”这样的养生理论,以及后世佛教与禅宗的影响外,大抵都不出此两家思想的范围。

(选自《中国文学批评范畴十五讲》,有删改)

小题1:下列选项中不符合文意的一项是(3分)

A.“闲”因为比较能脱开政教的牵绊,直显艺术的本真,所以贴合着创作主体的自在个性和日常趣味。

B.儒家讲求修身敬德,有着极其严肃的人生态度,但同时,儒家也认为人生中的许多快乐体验也可以怡情悦性,涵养德性。

C.“闲”有湛深的思想背景,儒道两家都曾为“闲”提供过直接的精神资源。相对而言,道家贡献更多。

D.儒道虽分属不同的思想体系,但在对“闲”的论说上存在着本质的联系,即都不重在表面的形态,而在内里的精神。E.后世文人士大夫追求“闲心乐地”,讲究“闲处从容”,都不出儒道两家思想的范围。

小题2:下列材料中不能反映古人修心养“闲”的处世态度和审物视界的一项是(3分)

A.采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。(陶渊明《饮酒》)

B.仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛,所以游目骋怀。(王羲之《兰亭集序》)

C.感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心。(杜甫《春望》)

D.纵一苇之所如,凌万顷之茫然。(苏轼《赤壁赋》)小题3:儒、道两家分别为“闲”提供了哪些直接的精神资源?(3分)

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