试题与答案

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。 中国古典园林中“风”的文化意蕴 李金宇 在中国古典园

题型:阅读理解与欣赏

题目:

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。

中国古典园林中“风”的文化意蕴   

李金宇

在中国古典园林中,以风为题名的景观、建筑极多,极常有。大到承德避暑山庄的万壑松风、杭州西湖的曲院风荷等景区,小到扬州个园的透风漏月厅、卢氏意园的“水面风来”馆、苏州留园的清风池馆、北京香山见心斋中的畅风楼等建筑。风在园林中如此受重视,这是因为它不仅丰富了园林的空间意境,更重要的是体现中国传统的文化意蕴。

翻开中国园林建筑的历史,我们不难发现,有较多的古典园林是扇形建筑的,如苏州拙政园的扇面亭、留园的“与谁同坐轩”等。这是因为扇能让人联想到风,意会到风。园林中如此突出“风”,其实和园主身份有极大的关联。中国园林的主人多是皇室、官宦或士大夫文人,他们深受中国儒家学说的熏陶和浸渍,以讲“仁”“礼”为己任,以追慕“圣贤”为大道。而“风”在中国儒家经义中正有着特殊的含义。《毛诗正义》云:“风,风也,教也;风以动之,教以化之。”因此有着强烈的政治教化色彩,更出现了一个极常见的词语——仁风。

儒家官宦的喜风,还因为风里的那份心情,风里的那个理想世界。司马光《独乐园记》有:“明月时至,清风自来,行无所牵,止无所柅,耳目肺肠,悉为己有,踽踽焉、洋洋焉,不知天壤之间复有何乐可以代此也。”我们从充满自然生气的表象里,看到了儒家之风的深层的审美涵义:对心灵、宇宙“天人”之间亲密和谐的无限追求与向往。

王振复在《宫室之魂》一书中写到:“在中国建筑文化之灿烂星空中,究竟哪一类建筑样式受中国道家思想影响最大,或者说其文化意蕴开拓了建筑文化的道家境界呢?是中国园林。”无疑,道家对自然的崇尚,正和中国园林“虽由人作,宛自天开”的艺术追求相拍相合。李格非记董氏西园:“开轩窗四面,甚敞,盛夏燠暑,不见畏日,清风忽来,留而不去,幽禽静鸣,各夸得意,此山林之乐。”在风中,人与自然似乎更为知音。“宵分人静,风起云涌,长林萧萧,如作人语。”(清戴熙《赐砚斋题画偶录》)对风的敏感,正是人们心静闲适的表现。清郑板桥云:“茅屋一间,天井一方……月中有清影,夜中有风声,只要闲心消受耳。”聆听风中之味,大有道家所谓“心斋”、“坐忘”的精神境界。只有在闲、静、平和的心境下映物,才能进入妙赏的佳境,才可达到人与自然的合二为一。

禅境是道境的又进一步,是由道的虚转而为禅的空。冯钟平说:“中国园林命意在空不在实”。“空灵是中国古典园林意境的特点之一”,正如任晓红所说的“园境也与这禅境一样,都是超然物相之上,在心性的自由天地中建立起的境界”。对中国园林的欣赏是视觉的,更是心觉的。一亭、一树、一石、一水,多需妙悟迁想,体味出象外之象。要有“慧心”,才可在咫尺山林中体味到一石一天地,一花一世界。而寺塔悬铃,是借风来传梵音的。“风吹悬铃,日夜铿然有声,有梵音到耳之妙境与妙趣”。风正如严羽以禅论诗云:“羚羊挂角,无迹可寻”,“听松声,可豁烦襟……听梵音,可清尘根”(明倪允昌《光明藏》)。对佛家而言,风里的世界是一个洗涤灵魂的世界,它吹去了千千万万的尘埃,还原成一个“明镜台”。身有所感,心有所动,神有所思。或许,这就是风在寺庙园林中体现出的无穷禅味。

“风”对园林而言,无论是从自然借景,还是从文化审美角度,都对观者心理产生了极大的影响。而“风”,在强调“天人合一”的文化里又被赋予了丰富的内涵。

(节选自《新华文摘》,有改动)

小题1:下列各句能够直接证明“风被赋予了丰富的内涵”的说法是(    ) (3分)

A.在中国古典园林中,以风为题名的景观、建筑极多,极常有。

B.中国园林的主人多是皇室、官宦或士大夫文人。

C.风里的世界是一个洗涤灵魂的世界,它吹去了千千万万的尘埃。

D.禅境是道境的又进一步,是由道的虚转而为禅的空。小题2:下列说法不符合原文意思的一项是(   )(3分)

A.风不仅丰富了园林的空间意境,还蕴涵了传统文化的特点,故在中国的古典园林中备受重视。

B.中国古典园林深受中国道家思想的影响,它深厚的文化意蕴开拓了建筑文化的道家境界。

C.对风的敏感是闲适、宁静、平和心境的体现,在这种心境下映物,可达到天人合一的境界。

D.在佛家看来,“风”可洗涤人的灵魂,风能使人在闲静的心境下进入妙赏的佳境,达到人与自然的和谐统一。小题3:请列出官宦文人喜爱“风”的原因。(3分)

答案:

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下面是错误答案,用来干扰机器的。

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