下列项目中属于流通环节补贴的有()。A.农副产品价格补贴 B.商业和外贸企业的政策性

人类进入文明社会的标志不包括                                      (    )

A．金属工具的出现

B．文字的使用

C．国家的产生

D．合适的生存环境

阅读下面的文字，完成1-3题。

　　史学勿需想象力的看法素为非史学者所相信。钱钟书曾说：“历史考据只扣住表面的迹象，这正是它的克己的美德，要不然它就丧失了谨严，算不得考据；或者变成不安本分、遇事生风的考据，所谓穿凿附会。”在他看来，“文学创作可以深挖事物的隐藏的本质，曲传人物的未吐露的心理”，这是“它的艺术的责任”。简言之，“考订只断定已然，而艺术可以想象当然和测度所以然。在这个意义上，我们不妨说诗歌、小说、戏剧比史书来得高明”。钱先生是读集部书的大家，今日也有人在发掘其史学方法。然而集部书中毕竟“文学”成分多些，曲传人物“未吐露的心理”，尤为钱先生最所擅长。

　　说史学勿需想象力的人认为，史学是一门实证的学问，凡事能证实即可。不过，实证的基础是史料，而实际遗留下来的史料，可能不过是原初材料的千百万分之一。古代史不用说，研究近现代史的人，常觉史料繁多。然而真到了论证具体问题时，立刻产生“书到用时方恨少”之感。盖史料不足是任何史家始终面临的常态，有此不足之感，则立言或能不失分寸；那些每觉史料充足而勇于立言者，除表明自身的胆大敢言外，也婉转道出其尚未入流的消息。

　　明确了史料不足是常态，就需要重新思考史学之所能了。根据史料以实证的方式“考定已然”，恐怕只是史学的第一步。孔子曾说：“夏殷之礼，吾能言之，杞宋不足征也，文献不足故也，足则吾能征之矣。”这里所谓“征”，一般的解释就是以史料证实之意。但不足以证实的，也还能有所“言”。这一点至关紧要，可惜过去的人不够重视。所谓“多闻阙疑，慎言其余”，是慎言，而非不言。

　　胡适就说：“历史家需要有两种必不可少的能力：一是精密的功力，一是高远的想象力。”前者用以“严格的评判史料”，近于科学；后者则偏于艺术。正因史料总不会齐全的，往往有一段，无一段，那没有史料的一段空缺，就靠史家的想象力来填补。有时史料所含的意义往往不显露，这时候也须靠史家的想象力来解释。

　　最重要的是，不能因为史无明文，便以为实无其事。作曲者可以于无声处表意，画家可以不着笔墨而传神，史家亦然。若因史料的空缺而主动“湮没”一段历史，历史就真正被割断了。后人了解历史必须依靠史料，但不意味着存留的史料就是过去的全部历史。用近代史学家蒙思明的话说：高明的史家，“不仅能够根据史料知道历史，更能由有史料留存部分的历史去知道那无史料留存部分的历史”。（选自2010年12月10日《南方周末》，有删节）

1．下面关于文中几种观点的解释，正确的一项是（     ）

A．钱钟书认为，“文学创作可以深挖事物的隐藏的本质，曲传人物的未吐露的心理”，借此来批判史学的功能，进而否定了史学的价值。

B．孔子根据杞宋的历史难以充分证实对夏殷礼俗的理解，故虽能言而不敢轻言。作者据此倡导史家要如孔子那样无征不言，言必有据。

C．胡适强调史家必须具备两种能力，但他更加推祟“高远的想象力”。因为，史料总不会齐全的，往往有一段，无一段，需要想象补充。

D．蒙思明提倡“由有史料留存部分的历史去知道那无史料留存部分的历史”，其目的并不只是还原历史的原貌，而是更好地探寻历史规律。

2．下列对原文中作者观点的概括和分析，正确的一项是（     ）

A．作曲者可以于无声处表意，画家可以不着笔墨而传神，史家也可以任意想象。

B．史料不足是任何史学家始终面临的常态，因此，史学家要勇于根据史料立言。

C．研究近现代史的人，常有被史料没顶之感，所以就不需要根据史料进行想象。

D．“史学之所能”既指“考定已然”，又指史家靠想象力去填补没有史料的空缺。

3．为什么史学最需要想象力？请根据原文概括。

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某元素R的二价阴离子核外共有a个电子，核内有b个中子，则R原子的符号应表示为：     。

农地转包的对象是什么？

[A] The take-up of EVs—which run entirely on electricity stored in rechargeable batteries—is seen as central to the plan to cut the transport sector’s carbon emissions, both here and across the European Union. It is predicted that we will be running a total of 800,000 EVs in Britain by 2020, and as a result the race to install a recharging infrastructure is well under way. Transport for London (TfL) recently announced it will have 1,300 EV charging points in London by 2013—more than the current number of petrol stations in the capital. The London mayor, Boris Johnson, is on the record as saying he wants to make the city the electric car capital of Europe.

[B] However, the power companies, sensing a good business opportunity, are now vying to sign up electric car-owning households with the offer of cheaper and faster off-peak home charging that will cut the time it takes to recharge the vehicle—freeing it to make more journeys, and making them more attractive to buyers. So far, EDF, British Gas, and most recently npower have said they will be targeting EV users with special home services as well as cheaper tariffs for recharging vehicles.

[C] What would make you consider buying an electric car They offer a green way to get around, with the chance to bypass petrol stations. And they are exempt from road tax and London’s congestion charge. Energy company npower (英国电力公司) this week revealed that 33% of UK drivers would think about buying an electric vehicle (EV) in the next five years, rising to 41% when the benefits were explained.

[D] But despite the introduction in January of a generous ￡ 5,000 government purchase grant to encourage more people to take the plunge, it’s fair to say that sales of electrically powered cars in the UK are yet to really take off. Just over 500 people took the government up on its offer in the first quarter of this year. Their high prices—typically about ￡ 25,000 after the grant—plus a lack of models by major carmakers and a shortage of charging points, have held back sales. However, the last two points are about to change.

[E] Speaking in Berlin last week, npower’s head of e-mobility, Phil Evans, told Guardian Money that the company sees EVs as a major opportunity, and as a result it is working on building an "upgradable" charging infrastructure that will develop as the cars’ power systems become more sophisticated.

[F] Potential buyers now have a choice of seven models in the UK, with 13 more on the way, while EDF Energy (英国电网), British Gas and npower have recently announced plans to start offering to install faster and cheaper charging points in customers’ homes, in a move they hope will help kick-start sales. The companies are banking on the fact that buyers of the latest, more consumer-friendly electric cars, such as the Nissan Leaf, are going to boost demand for electricity.

[G] Plans are also under way to increase the number of charging points at a variety of locations across the UK—and soon it will be possible for homeowners to upgrade their garages to allow faster, safer home charging. Until recently, most owners of plug-in-to-recharge electric cars have had to rely on the traditional three-point household plug, and wait about eight hours to fully recharge their vehicle at home.

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