试题与答案

什么叫儿童“心理理论”心理理论的代表性研究有哪些

题型:问答题

题目:

什么叫儿童“心理理论”心理理论的代表性研究有哪些

答案:

参考答案:本题要求回答两个方面内容:一是什么是心理理论;二是心理理论的有关研究。
(1)心理理论是指对别人和自己的心理状态和心理经验的认识,是凭借一定的知识系统对自身或他人的心理状态进行推测,并据此对行为做出因果性解释、预测和控制的能力。最初由普雷马克和伍德拉夫研究黑猩猩时提出,后被应用到儿童身上。
(2)心理理论当前的研究主要在对错误信念的研究上。能够完成错误信念任务,标志着心理理论的形成。一级错误信念:知道他人拥有的某个信念错了;二级错误信念:知道他人认为某人拥有的某个信念错了。
(3)实验者让儿童观看木偶表演的故事:主人公Maxi把巧克力放在橱柜后外出,其母将巧克力移到抽屉里,问儿童Maxi回来后会去哪里找巧克力。这一实验被后来的研究者广泛运用。研究发现:大多数3岁儿童报告说Maxi到抽屉里找,4岁儿童大多数报告说Maxi在橱柜里找。
实验者首先给儿童讲述如下的故事,John和Mary在公园里玩。他们看到一个人在卖冰激凌。Mary想买,但没带钱,她就回家拿钱。一会儿,John回家去吃午饭。他走后,卖冰激凌的人离开公园到学校去。Mary拿着钱向公园走去,并跟着他一起到学校买冰激凌。John吃完午饭到Mary家,Mary的妈妈说Mary正去买冰激凌了。John离开Mary家去找她。实验者讲完故事后,问儿童“John认为Mary去哪里买冰激凌”。该研究发现,6岁儿童才能回答正确这个问题。
研究表明,儿童对二级错误信念的理解比对一级错误信念的理解要晚2年。

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WELCOME

Welcome to Windsor Castle, the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world .Windsor is one the official residences (住所)of  the Queen, who sometimes stays here.

Audio tours

Free audio tours are available on leaving the Admission Centre at the start of your visit .There is a descriptive audio tour for blind and poor-sighted visitors.

Guided tours

Visitors can explore the history of the Castle through a tour of the Precincts with an expert guide. Tours depart at regular intervals throughout the day from the Courtyard and finish at the entrance to the State Apartments.

Visitors with children

For those visiting with children, a special family tour and various activities are offered during school holidays and at weekends .Please note permitted in the State Apartments. However, baby carriers are available to borrow.

St George’s Chapel

Visitors arriving at the Castle after 15:00 from March to October are advised to visit St George’s Chapel first before it closes.

Shopping

Shops offer a wide range of souvenirs designed for the Royal Collection, including books, postcards, china, jewellery, and children’s toys. Please ask at the Middle Ward shop about our home delivery service.

Refreshments

Bottled water can be purchased from the Courtyard and Middle Ward shops. From April to September ice cream is also available. Visitors wishing to leave the Castle for refreshments in the town may obtain re-entry permits from the castle shops. Eating and drinking are not permitted in the State Apartments or St George’s Chapel.

Photography and mobile phones

Non-commercial photography and filming are welcomed in the Castle. Photography, video recording and filming are not permitted inside the State Apartments or St George’s Chapel. Mobile phone must be switched off inside the State Apartments and St George’s Chapel in consideration of other visitors.

Security

As Winter Castle is a working royal palace, visitors and their belongings should get through airport style security checks. For safety and security reasons a one-way system operates along the visitor route.

小题1:A visitor can apply for a free audio tour_________.

A.in the Courtyard

B.in the State Apartments

C.at the Admission Center

D.at St George’s Chapel小题2:What is specially offered to visitors with kids?

A.A security guard.

B.A pushchair.

C.A free toy.

D.A baby carrier.小题3:Who can get re-entry permits?

A.Visitors wishing to eat outside the Castle.

B.Visitors buying gifts in the castle shops.

C.Visitors buying water from the Courtyard.

D.Visitors eating outside St George’s Chapel.小题4:Why are visitors required to turn off their mobile phones?

A.To ensure the safety of others.

B.To ensure the security of the Castle.

C.To prevent them from disturbing others.

D.To prevent the use of the built-in cameras.小题5:In the last part, a “working royal palace” refers to one ___.    

A.still being constructed

B.still used by the royal family

C.where the Queen usually works

D.where works of art are on show

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