COPD稳定期FEV1.0＞50%时需规律使用的药物是 A．沙丁胺醇吸入剂 B．异丙

阅读下面的文字，完成小题。

“丹培拉”与东方意蕴

程俊礼

绘画材料与作品的画面品质及技法、语言有着紧密的联系。纵观西方绘画，材料几经变更，语言也从客观写实转向艺术家主观情感的自由表达。西方艺术家曾从日本浮世绘等亚洲艺术中汲取营养，但是对于中国画水墨意蕴和中国画所特有的精神情感的表意方式却鲜有深入探究。为了寻求更广阔的艺术表达空间，我尝试运用“丹培拉”这一西方传统绘画形式来表现中国画的意象韵味，以求赋予这一传统绘画形式以新的面貌，借此展开我的艺术探索。

“丹培拉”是英语Tempera的音译，通常称作“蛋彩画”，起源于古希腊、古罗马时期，是欧洲最古老的画种之一。丹培拉主要以蛋清或蛋黄等易融水媒介作为绘画颜料的调和剂，有多种混合方式。它多水时薄如水彩，透明流畅；少水时则饱满沉稳，速干的特性适于多层次的细腻描绘。在中世纪基督教美术中，丹培拉得到了前所未有的发展，并在文艺复兴时期达到顶峰，16世纪随着油画的兴起逐渐衰退，但至今仍广为流传，成就了伦勃朗、波提切利、弗朗西斯科、安德鲁•怀斯等绘画大师和他们的传世经典之作，体现出丹培拉独特的艺术魅力。

多层次的描绘让传统丹培拉绘画的制作过程耗时费力。但其速干的特性是否也适用于主观情感的即时宣泄？是否为表现中国画的意象韵味提供了可能性呢？我在艺术实践中常常思考，如何将丹培拉和中国传统绘画的思想表述相融会，如何以一种中国式的写意观，在丹培拉色彩的流动中表达个人生存体验和对大自然的审美解读。

中国画强调“意在笔先”。“意”与意境、意象相关，是画家在情景交融的状态下物我合一的艺术表达。正是在“意”的挥写中，画家将自然的存在状态与人的生命形态进行了链接，就像孔子“智者乐水，仁者乐山”的阐释一般。“外师造化，中得心源”。我试图在丹培拉的色彩挥写中，追求客观描摹和主观精神的发挥中主客观统一的审美意境，体悟王国维的“有我之境”和“无我之境”。在中国油画家主动追求油画本土化、民族化的今天，以丹培拉这一西方绘画形式追求中国传统文人画意韵的“西语式表达”，写“胸中逸气”，表“象外之意”。

为此，我以中国式的写意形式，对适合细腻描绘的传统丹培拉绘画材料进行了颠覆式运用，在自然风景的描绘等艺术实践中，更注重色彩运用的直觉性、随机性，强调西方表现主义和东方表现性绘画异质同构的审美特质。我希望通过作品传达一种更加接近东方古典哲学精神的境界，在色彩的流动中，让西方的丹培拉更多一抹东方意蕴。（选自《人民日报》2014年02月16日12 版）

小题1:下列关于“丹培拉”的表述，不符合原文意思的一项是（   ）

A．丹培拉是一种西方传统绘画形式，作者借它来表现中国画的意象韵味。

B．丹培拉起源于古希腊、古罗马时期，通常称作“蛋彩画”。

C．丹培拉绘画颜料采用的调和剂主要是蛋清或蛋黄等易融水媒介，有多种混合方式。

D．丹培拉在中世纪基督教美术和文艺复兴时期发展并达到顶峰，16世纪逐渐衰退。小题2:下列对丹培拉至今仍广为流传的原因的分析，恰当的一项是（   ）

A．丹培拉有独特的艺术表现魅力，成就了一批著名的绘画大师及其传世经典之作。

B．具有适于多层次的细腻描绘的速干特性的绘画颜料让传统丹培拉绘画制作耗时费力。

C．丹培拉绘画的速干性适于主观情感的即时宣泄，为表现中国画的意象韵味提供了可能。

D．中国画家想对丹培拉绘画材料的进行颠覆运用创作更接近东方古典哲学精神境界的作品。小题3:下列对原文内容的理解与分析，正确的一项是（   ）

A．随着西方绘画材料的变更，语言也从客观写实转向艺术家主观情感的自由表达，说明绘画材料决定着作品画面品质、技法、语言。

B．西方艺术家曾汲取了日本浮世绘艺术的营养，却没有探究中国画水墨意蕴和精神情感的表意方式。

C．作者试用“丹培拉”来表现中国画的意象韵味，是想赋予丹培拉以新的面貌，更多一份东方意蕴，寻求更广阔的艺术表达空间。

D．作者在艺术实践中已将丹培拉和中国传统绘画的思想表述相融会，以一种中国式的写意观表达个人生存体验和对大自然的审美解读。

阅读理解。

     Booker T. Washington was born in a black slave family in Virginia of the USA in 1856, seven years

before slavery was abolished (废除) by Abraham Lincoln in January, 1863.

     He wrote a book about his life called Up From Slavery, which was published in 1901. In the book,

he said that he had no choice but to work in a coal mine when he was 16 years old. He had no chance to

go to school. He heard two coal miners talking about a school for black children which was called the

Hampton Institute.

     He determined that he would go there. He gave up his job and told other members of his race that he

was going to school across the state. The older people had spent their best years as slaves and were poor. However, some gave Booker some pocket money or a handkerchief. Hardly had anyone expected any

of their race to leave home to attend a boarding school. He took a train to Richmond, Virginia, where he

ran out of money. It was 82 miles from the Hampton Institute. He slept under a wooden sidewalk(人行道).            

     He helped unload pigs and iron from a ship for some money and when he had enough, he continued

his journey, arriving at school with 50 cents.

     This diligence(勤奋) pushed him to graduate and become a teacher at the Hampton Institute. When

he was 25 years old, he was asked to start a new school for black children in Alabama. called the

Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Thirty-four years later, this school had 1,500 students and 200

teachers and Booker T. Washington became the most influential black leader of his generation.

1. What's the purpose of the passage?

A. To show the significance of education for black children.

B. To introduce Booker T. Washington's working experience as a slave.

C. To present a brief introduction of Booker T. Washington.

D. To explain the reason why Booker T. Washington becomes a writer.

2. Booker T. Washington didn't go to school early in life because ________.

A. there were no schools for slave in America.

B. blacks were not allowed to receive education.

C. he had to work as a coal miner.

D. he was not smart enough to receive education.

3. The older people didn't give Booker much money because _________.

A. they had no jobs to do.

B. they didn't have much money.

C. they didn't believe Booker would succeed.

D. they didn't wish Booker to go to school.

有A、B、C、D、E、F六种物质，已知A为一种氯化物，B为一种钠盐，C为一种碱，D为一种常见的气体。它们之间有如下关系：

① A和B的溶液混和无明显现象；

② B和C的溶液混和生成不溶于稀硝酸的白色沉淀E；

③ A和C的溶液混和有蓝色沉淀生成；

④把D通入C的溶液中有白色沉淀F生成，该沉淀溶于稀硝酸。根据上述信息，推断：

（1）写出B、D、F的化学式：B________；D_________；F_________。

（2）A与C反应的化学方程式：_____________________。

治疗急性继发性弥漫性腹膜炎，最关键的一条是（）。

A.补液，纠正水、电解质及酸碱失衡

B.输血

C.应用大量有效的抗生素

D.禁食、胃肠成压

E.以上都不是

设计招标方式有( )。

A．公开招标
B．邀请招标
C．议标
D．方案竞选招标